Beijing-parking-ITDP-China

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Various parking cap approaches by New York, Boston and ZurichCity Year Cap Introduced Number of Spaces Type of Space ImpactedNew York Manhattan Core 1982 Unknown Public off-street parkingDowntown BostonSouth BostonEast Boston 197619891993 35,55630,3894,062 Commercial ParkingDivided further into 3 subzonesLimits Commercial & EmployeeParking at Logan AirportZurich City Center 1996 Set to 1990 supplylevelParking Cap with a ReductionGoalPublic On- and Off-StreetZurich’s maximum allowable off-street parking supplydepends on the building’s proximity to high-qualitypublic transport. Maximums can be lowered if air pollutiontargets would be violated.Source: Stadt Zurich, Tiefbauamt (2011)Beijing Parking, ITDP-China 1481 March 2015
additional pollution without violating ambientair quality norms. The city has long been investingin public transit while decreasing private caraccess and every development within the city is300 meters away from a transit stop. For all landuses exempt from the parking cap, such as privateresidential developments, a mobility plan can besubmitted to the Mobility Management department.For example, landlords can include a transitpass as part of an apartment lease and build bikeparking to avoid fulfilling the parking requirements.These policies have helped making Zurichone of the most livable cities in Europe.Formulating a parking capThe general idea of a parking cap is to influenceindividual travel behavior in a way that favorsnon-driving modes, which must be done inconjunction with improvements to transit infrastructureas well as biking and walking facilities.An individual will contemplate travel preferencesbased on factors such as cost, time, comfort, safetyand attractiveness.Any strategy that is intended to affect tripchoice needs to be targeted at changing individualtraveling preferences. Establishing a parking capis important to limit car traffic but not to the pointwhere the area economy suffers from a decrease inaccess to destinations. The proposed approach forestablishing a parking cap is based on mode splitgoals, which can be set in two ways:●●Freeze Approach: This method, implementedin Zurich, Hamburg and Copenhagen anddescribed earlier, freezes the existing parkingsupply and no longer allows additional parkingsupply, unless other on-street or off-streetparking spaces are to be cancelled. A gradualreduction in the number of parking spacescan be used to lower car trips over time. Thisapproach is useful for built-up areas and areasthat need to be protected from more increasingcar travel.●●Modal split approach: This method uses thedesired modal split for an area and uses trafficmodels, based on surveys of existing traffic.It entails setting an ambitious target aimed ata modal split favored to public transport andNMT, rather than car traffic. Too high a carmodal split value generates higher congestion,makes the environment less livable andrequires more land for a parking, low-valueland use. Too low a car modal split value mayhamper the area from functioning and threatensits competitiveness, especially in areaswhere few high quality alternatives are available.Using traffic models, the desired modalsplit is then translated into car trips and parkingsupply for different buildings. This can beused to formulate the parking maximums fornew buildings. This approach can be used forboth existing and new development areas.In both approaches access to alternative trafficmodes such as public transport, walking andbiking are needed to accommodate modal shiftaway from cars.In Beijing, parking supply caps were alreadystipulated in the Beijing TransportationDevelopment Program 2004-2020, written by theCommunication Commission in 2005. The citygovernment, in cooperation with the districts,needs to freeze the parking supply in congested,central areas and define modal split targets foreach of Beijing’s areas, based on factors such asroad capacity, desired vehicle volumes and speeds,public transport access, accepted levels of pollution,density and number of jobs. Especially forcentral areas that are to be protected and wherecongestion is currently problematic, modal splitsfavoring public transport and NMT are needed.Beijing’s OD traffic model can be used to compareexisting and desired modal split and to calculateparking caps and maximums for each area.Existing parking supply can then be reviewed andspaces removed, starting with setbacks, on-streetand publicly operated off-street buildings. Parkingmaximums for new developments are then to beset for each area as well. Detailed studies for eacharea are needed.7.4 Private, residentialparkingThis type of parking constitutes of parking garagesor on-ground parking lots on the residentialdevelopment’s premises. If Beijing’s latest policy instimulating parking supply in residential areas isproceeded, this will lead to increased car ownershipand car use, putting even more pressure onthe city’s road system. As the surveys in chapter3 show, additional off-street parking will onlysit empty if on-street parking is not managedBeijing Parking, ITDP-China 1491 March 2015
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Parking Guidebookfor Beijing1 March
Page 4 and 5:
1. Introduction
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2. Current Parking Policies & Syste
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Modal split figures for Beijing sho
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Beijing’s 11th Five Year TrafficD
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Private claims to parking spacesIll
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parking, thereby ignoring the offic
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This section describes the case stu
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Guang’anmen -Xinhe areaGuang’an
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Street name Code PageinreportOn-str
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The average parking duration in the
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Hongju Jie (northwest) - HJNWIndica
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Hong Ju Dongjie (north) - HDNIndica
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Hongju Jie (middle east) - HJMEIndi
Page 30 and 31:
Shoupakou Nan Jie (northwest) - SPN
Page 32 and 33:
Shoupakou Nan Jie (middle east) - S
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Hongju Bei Jie (southeast) - HBSEIn
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Shoupakou Nan Jie (south) - SPSIndi
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Shoupakou Xi Yi Xiang - SPXYIndicat
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Hongju Jie (southwest) - HJSWIndica
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Hongju Bei Jie (southwest) - HBSWIn
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Langqin Guoji development(off-stree
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Langqin area parking analysisThe La
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Yuanwuqu area parking locationYuanw
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Above: supply of formal on-street a
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Above: illegal parking during the p
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Chunshuguan Jie (north) - CSGNIndic
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Guangwai Nan Jie (northeast) - GJNE
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Unnamed street (south) - NBLSunname
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Guangwai Nan Jie (middle west) - GJ
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Guang’anmen Nan Binhe Lu (middle)
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Yaziqiao Bei Jie (south) - YZQSIndi
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Yaziqiao Bei Jie (north) - YZQNIndi
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Guangwai Nan Jie - GJSMIndicatorval
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The proposed on-street parking syst
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Chama Bei Jie (north side)Indicator
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Chama Jie (south side)Indicator val
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Xinhe Jiayuan (off-street parking a
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3.3.2 Guomao areaGuomao is the cent
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Parking price:Parking duration:Time
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Survey resultsSurveys were performe
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Parked cars block Liufang metro sta
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4. Parking Problem Analysis
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2. More parking supply leads to mor
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Comparison of Beijing’s vs. best
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Paid on-street parking is not used,
Page 98 and 99: Jinsong setback case studyA survey
Page 100 and 101: Parking supply in recently opened o
Page 102 and 103: 5. Parking Best Practices
Page 104 and 105: secure bike parking. More bike rack
Page 106 and 107: To achieve this, SFpark uses new te
Page 108 and 109: $1.25 $1.58 $1.08$0.75F I L L M O R
Page 110 and 111: percent — own a car. High density
Page 112 and 113: spaces needed to be minimized, desp
Page 114 and 115: 5.4 Shenzhen, ChinaIn early 2014 Sh
Page 116 and 117: Parking fees are charged on street
Page 118 and 119: 6. On-Street Parking Recommendation
Page 120 and 121: 6.1 Parking zonesThe lack of cohere
Page 122 and 123: long-term parking. On-street parkin
Page 124 and 125: on ring roads), on streets with hig
Page 126 and 127: problems is done within an acceptab
Page 128 and 129: Mexico City parking meterThe app of
Page 130 and 131: Sensors and Electronic Parking Guid
Page 132 and 133: Real-time data on the status of sma
Page 134 and 135: later than 20 days from receiving t
Page 136 and 137: Beijing Parking, ITDP-China 1361 Ma
Page 138 and 139: Existing driveway at thesoutheaster
Page 140 and 141: operator implements and operates th
Page 142 and 143: Indirect investment costs for 12,00
Page 144 and 145: Profitability calculation (per year
Page 146 and 147: 7.1 Abolish parkingminimums for new
Page 150 and 151: Selected residential parking standa
Page 152 and 153: and air pollution impacts and preve
Page 154 and 155: Parking sharing practices in select
Page 156 and 157: 7.9 Banning setback parkingBeijing
Page 158 and 159: 8.1 CommunicationsParking is becomi
Page 160 and 161: 9. Proposed Implementation Schedule
Page 162: Implementation schedule of Beijing
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