spaces needed to be minimized, despite theminimum <strong>parking</strong> standards in place at that time.Initiated by non-governmental organizations(NGOs), dialogues were held between the citygovernment, NGOs and real estate developersabout how to minimize off-street <strong>parking</strong> spaces.Real estate developers also favored this approachas it reduced their building construction costs andleaves more space for sellable and rentable units.Moreover, investment in better public transportwas seen by real estate developers to raise thevalue of their developments.First, the government decided that a buildingpermit is only granted when public transportto the new development is incorporated. Inthe building permit procedure, the BudapestTransport Center is a now an authority, similarto the fire department or the utility departments,who have power to deny developments (over aThe city city of of Budapest. The The yellow yellow and and red zones red zones have paid have on-street certain <strong>parking</strong>, size) where to the be grey built areas without have public transportfree paid on-street <strong>parking</strong>. <strong>parking</strong>, where the grey areas have free provision.on-street <strong>parking</strong>.Second, a regulation was put in place whereSource: Gyarmati 2011.Off-street measuresa real estate developer could receive a 100%To limit car ownership and traffic congestion, the city discount government on realized the compulsory that off-street off-street <strong>parking</strong><strong>parking</strong> Higher spaces fees needed are imposed to be minimized, in areas with despite either the minimum supply, <strong>parking</strong> if the standards planned in development place at is within 500thathighertime.<strong>parking</strong>Initiateddemandby non-governmentalor limited <strong>parking</strong>organizationssupply,(NGOs), meters dialogues from a public were held transport between station.such as the historical city center. Zones in thethe city government, NGOs and real estate developers about how Third, to minimize if real estate off-street developers wish to developouter parts of the city, where traffic congestion is in areas for which the zoning regulations need<strong>parking</strong> spaces. Real estate developers also favored this approach as it reduced their buildingno issue and sufficient <strong>parking</strong> supply available, to be changed, the government decided that theconstruction<strong>parking</strong> feescostsare lower.and leaves more space for sellable and rentable units. Moreover, investmentreal estate need to co-finance the required publicin better Budapest public also transport used technology was seen by to real make estate <strong>parking</strong> developers to raise the value of theirtransport provision to this new development. Indevelopments.management and enforcement more effective return, real estate developers receive discounts onand First, efficient. the government The city uses decided multi-space that a building electronic permit is the only number granted of when required public off-street <strong>parking</strong> spaces.transport meters, which to the new allow development a variety of is payment incorporated. methods,to collect Transport <strong>parking</strong> Center fees is a in now most an paid authority, <strong>parking</strong> similar to ments the fire are department now eliminated or the utility in Budapest. DistrictIn the building Finally, permit minimum procedure, off-street the <strong>parking</strong> require-Budapestdepartments, areas. Cell phone who have payment power systems to deny developments can be used (over governments, a certain size) to authorizing be built without building permits,public in most transport areas as provision. well. Enforcement officers carry are allowed to give discounts of up to 100 % onGPS-enabled Second, a regulation devices that was share put in data place with where the a real estate off-street developer <strong>parking</strong> could receive supply, a on 100% a case-by-case basis,discount<strong>parking</strong>onoperatorthe compulsoryand cityoff-streetgovernment.<strong>parking</strong> supply, if the supported planned development by a study on is within alternative <strong>parking</strong>The city government felt that private companieswhich implemented, operate and enforce500 meters from a public transport station.provision.Third, if real estate developers wish to develop in areas for which the zoning regulationsthe on-street <strong>parking</strong> system, were critical to Resultsneedthe successto be changed,Budapestthe governmenthas had withdecidedits on-streetthat the real estate need to co-finance theA reduction of 15 % in vehicle kilometers traveledrequired <strong>parking</strong> public system. transport The contracts provision with to this some new private development. In return, real estate developers(VKT) was achieved. The <strong>parking</strong> occupancy inreceive companies discounts will on expire the number in several of required years after off-street which <strong>parking</strong> spaces.the inner-city zones dropped to around 70-80%,the Finally, system minimum is again in off-street full ownership <strong>parking</strong> of requirements the city arebecausenow eliminatedof higherin Budapest.<strong>parking</strong> fees. New developmentsDistrict government. governments, authorizing building permits, are allowed provide to give less discounts <strong>parking</strong> and of up real to estate developers100 % on off-street <strong>parking</strong> supply, on a case-by-case basis, focus supported on good by a public study on transportation alternative and nonmotorizedtransport access to their developments.<strong>parking</strong> Off-street provision. measuresTo limit car ownership and traffic congestion, the Congestion and pollution dropped drastically.city government realized that off-street <strong>parking</strong><strong>Beijing</strong> Parking, <strong>ITDP</strong>-<strong>China</strong> 1121 March 2015
Typical streets with well-regulated on-street <strong>parking</strong> inBudapest.Source: <strong>ITDP</strong>-<strong>China</strong>, www.transportphoto.net<strong>Beijing</strong> Parking, <strong>ITDP</strong>-<strong>China</strong> 1131 March 2015
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