Discover Canada - Dr. Charles Best Secondary School Library

2Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideThe Oath of CitizenshipI swear (or affirm)That I will be faithfulAnd bear true allegianceTo Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the SecondQueen of CanadaHer Heirs and SuccessorsAnd that I will faithfully observeThe laws of CanadaAnd fulfil my duties as a Canadian citizen.Le serment de citoyennetéJe jure (ou j’affirme solennellement)Que je serai fidèleEt porterai sincère allégeanceà Sa Majesté la Reine Elizabeth DeuxReine du CanadaÀ ses héritiers et successeursQue j’observerai fidèlement les lois du CanadaEt que je remplirai loyalement mes obligationsde citoyen canadien.Understanding the OathIn Canada, we profess our loyalty to a person who represents all Canadians and not to a document suchas a constitution, a banner such as a flag, or a geopolitical entity such as a country. In our constitutionalmonarchy, these elements are encompassed by the Sovereign (Queen or King). It is a remarkably simpleyet powerful principle: Canada is personified by the Sovereign just as the Sovereign is personified byCanada.© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2011Ci1-11/2011E978-1-100-18210-0

Message to Our ReadersWelcome! It took courage to move to a new country. Your decision to apply for citizenship isanother big step. You are becoming part of a great tradition that was built by generations of pioneersbefore you. Once you have met all the legal requirements, we hope to welcome you as a new citizen withall the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.Canada has welcomed generations of newcomersto our shores to help us build a free, law-abidingand prosperous society. For 400 years, settlersand immigrants have contributed to the diversityand richness of our country, which is built on aproud history and a strong identity.Canada is a constitutional monarchy, aparliamentary democracy and a federal state.Canadians are bound together by a sharedcommitment to the rule of law and to theinstitutions of parliamentary government.Canadians take pride in their identity and havemade sacrifices to defend their way of life. Bycoming to Canada and taking this important steptoward Canadian citizenship, you are helping towrite the continuing story of Canada.Immigrants between the ages of 18 and 54 musthave adequate knowledge of English or Frenchin order to become Canadian citizens. You mustalso learn about voting procedures, Canada’shistory, symbols, democratic institutions,geography, and the rights and responsibilities ofcitizenship.Canadian citizens enjoy many rights, butCanadians also have responsibilities. They mustobey Canada’s laws and respect the rights andfreedoms of others.This guide will help you prepare to become aCanadian citizen. Good luck!For information about Citizenship andImmigration Canada, visit our website atwww.cic.gc.ca.Discover Canada3

4Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideContentsApplying for Citizenship.......................................................................................................................... 6Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship.............................................................................................. 8Who We Are...........................................................................................................................................10Canada’s History...................................................................................................................................14Modern Canada.................................................................................................................................... 24How Canadians Govern Themselves...................................................................................................... 28Federal Elections.................................................................................................................................. 30The Justice System................................................................................................................................ 36Canadian Symbols................................................................................................................................ 38Canada’s Economy............................................................................................................................... 42Canada’s Regions................................................................................................................................. 44The Atlantic Provinces..................................................................................................................... 46Central Canada............................................................................................................................... 47The Prairie Provinces....................................................................................................................... 48The West Coast............................................................................................................................... 49The Northern Territories.................................................................................................................. 50Study Questions................................................................................................................................... 52For More Information............................................................................................................................ 54Photo Credits........................................................................................................................................ 58Authorities............................................................................................................................................ 64

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6Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideApplying for CitizenshipWhen you apply for citizenship, officials will check your status, verify that you are not prohibited fromapplying, and ensure that you meet the requirements.Your application may take several months. Please ensure that the Call Centre always has your correctaddress while your application is being processed.See page 54 for telephone numbers.Citizens take the oathHow to use this booklet toprepare for the citizenship testThis booklet will help you prepare for thecitizenship test. You should:• Study this guide;• Ask a friend or family member to help youpractise answering questions about Canada;• Call a local school or school board, a college,a community centre or a local organizationthat provides services to immigrants and askfor information on citizenship classes;• Take English or French language classes,which the Government of Canada offers freeof charge.About the citizenship testThe citizenship test is usually a written test, butit could be an interview. You will be tested on twobasic requirements for citizenship: 1) knowledgeof Canada and of the rights and responsibilitiesof citizenship, and 2) adequate knowledge ofEnglish or French. Adult applicants 55 years of ageand over do not need to write the citizenship test.The Citizenship Regulations provide informationon how your ability to meet the knowledge ofCanada requirement is determined. Informationabout this requirement can be found on page 64of the study guide.All the citizenship test questions are basedon the subject areas noted in the CitizenshipRegulations, and all required information isprovided in this study guide.

After the testIf you pass the test and meet all the otherrequirements, you will receive a Notice to Appearto Take the Oath of Citizenship. This documenttells you the date, time and place of yourcitizenship ceremony.At the ceremony, you will:• Take the Oath of Citizenship;• Sign the oath form; and• Receive your Canadian Citizenship Certificate.If you do not pass the test, you will receive anotification indicating the next steps.You are encouraged to bring your family and friendsto celebrate this occasion.Discover Canada7

8Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideRights and Responsibilitiesof CitizenshipCanadian citizens have rights and responsibilities. These come to us from our history, are secured byCanadian law, and reflect our shared traditions, identity, and values.Canadian law has several sources, including laws passed by Parliament and the provincial legislatures,English common law, the civil code of France and the unwritten constitution that we have inherited fromGreat Britain.Queen Elizabeth IIproclaiming theamended Constitution,Ottawa, 1982Together, these secure for Canadians an 800-year old tradition of ordered liberty, which datesback to the signing of Magna Carta in 1215 inEngland (also known as the Great Charter ofFreedoms), including:• Freedom of conscience and religion;• Freedom of thought, belief, opinion andexpression, including freedom of speech andof the press;• Freedom of peaceful assembly; and• Freedom of association.Habeas corpus, the right to challenge unlawfuldetention by the state, comes from Englishcommon law.The Constitution of Canada was amended in1982 to entrench the Canadian Charter of Rightsand Freedoms, which begins with the words,“Whereas Canada is founded upon principlesthat recognize the supremacy of God and the ruleof law.” This phrase underlines the importance ofreligious traditions to Canadian society and thedignity and worth of the human person.The Charter attempts to summarize fundamentalfreedoms while also setting out additional rights.The most important of these include:• Mobility Rights — Canadians can live andwork anywhere they choose in Canada, enterand leave the country freely, and apply for apassport.• Aboriginal Peoples’ Rights — The rightsguaranteed in the Charter will not adverselyaffect any treaty or other rights or freedoms ofAboriginal peoples.• Official Language Rights and MinorityLanguage Educational Rights — French andEnglish have equal status in Parliament andthroughout the government.• Multiculturalism — A fundamentalcharacteristic of the Canadian heritage andidentity. Canadians celebrate the gift of oneanother’s presence and work hard to respectpluralism and live in harmony.

The Equality of Women and MenIn Canada, men and women are equal under the law. Canada’s openness and generosity do not extendto barbaric cultural practices that tolerate spousal abuse, “honour killings,” female genital mutilation,forced marriage or other gender-based violence. Those guilty of these crimes are severely punished underCanada’s criminal laws.Citizenship ResponsibilitiesIn Canada, rights come with responsibilities.These include:• Obeying the law — One of Canada’s foundingprinciples is the rule of law. Individuals andgovernments are regulated by laws and not byarbitrary actions. No person or group is abovethe law.• Taking responsibility for oneself and one’sfamily — Getting a job, taking care of one’sfamily and working hard in keeping with one’sabilities are important Canadian values. Workcontributes to personal dignity and selfrespect,and to Canada’s prosperity.• Serving on a jury — When called to do so, youare legally required to serve. Serving on a jury is aprivilege that makes the justice system work as itdepends on impartial juries made up of citizens.• Voting in elections — The right to vote comeswith a responsibility to vote in federal,provincial or territorial and local elections.• Helping others in the community — Millionsof volunteers freely donate their time to helpothers without pay—helping people in need,assisting at your child’s school, volunteeringat a food bank or other charity, or encouragingnewcomers to integrate. Volunteering is anexcellent way to gain useful skills and developfriends and contacts.• Protecting and enjoying our heritage andenvironment — Every citizen has a role toplay in avoiding waste and pollution whileprotecting Canada’s natural, cultural andarchitectural heritage for future generations.Defending CanadaThere is no compulsory military service in Canada. However, serving in the regular Canadian Forces(navy, army and air force) is a noble way to contribute to Canada and an excellent career choice(www.forces.ca). You can serve in your local part-time navy, militia and air reserves and gain valuableexperience, skills and contacts. Young people can learn discipline, responsibility, and skills by gettinginvolved in the cadets (www.cadets.ca).You may also serve in the Coast Guard or emergency services in your community such as a police force orfire department. By helping to protect your community, you follow in the footsteps of Canadians beforeyou who made sacrifices in the service of our country.Discover Canada9

10Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideWho We Are(From Top to Bottom)Métis from AlbertaCree dancerCanada is known around the world as a strong and free country. Canadians are proud of their uniqueidentity. We have inherited the oldest continuous constitutional tradition in the world. We are the onlyconstitutional monarchy in North America. Our institutions uphold a commitment to Peace, Order, andGood Government, a key phrase in Canada’s original constitutional document in 1867, the British NorthAmerica Act. A belief in ordered liberty, enterprise, hard work and fair play have enabled Canadians tobuild a prosperous society in a rugged environment from our Atlantic shores to the Pacific Ocean and tothe Arctic Circle—so much so that poets and songwriters have hailed Canada as the “Great Dominion.”To understand what it means to be Canadian, it is important to know about our three founding peoples—Aboriginal, French and British.Aboriginal peoplesThe ancestors of Aboriginal peoples are believedto have migrated from Asia many thousandsof years ago. They were well established herelong before explorers from Europe first cameto North America. Diverse, vibrant First Nationscultures were rooted in religious beliefs abouttheir relationship to the Creator, the naturalenvironment and each other.Aboriginal and treaty rights are in the CanadianConstitution. Territorial rights were firstguaranteed through the Royal Proclamation of1763 by King George III, and established the basisfor negotiating treaties with the newcomers—treaties that were not always fully respected.From the 1800s until the 1980s, the federalgovernment placed many Aboriginal children inresidential schools to educate and assimilatethem into mainstream Canadian culture. Theschools were poorly funded and inflicted hardshipon the students; some were physically abused.Aboriginal languages and cultural practices weremostly prohibited. In 2008, Ottawa formallyapologized to the former students.In today’s Canada, Aboriginal peoples enjoyrenewed pride and confidence, and have madesignificant achievements in agriculture, theenvironment, business and the arts.Today, the term Aboriginal peoples refers to threedistinct groups:Indian refers to all Aboriginal people who are notInuit or Métis. In the 1970s, the term First Nationsbegan to be used. Today, about half of FirstNations people live on reserve land in about 600communities while the other half live off-reserve,mainly in urban centres.(From Left to Right)Inuit children in Iqaluit,NunavutHaida artist Bill Reidcarves a totem pole

Unity in DiversityJohn Buchan, the 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, was a popular Governor General of Canada (1935-40). Immigrantgroups, he said, “should retain their individuality and each make its contribution to the nationalcharacter.” Each could learn “from the other, and … while they cherish their own special loyalties andtraditions, they cherish not less that new loyalty and tradition which springs from their union.” (CanadianClub of Halifax, 1937). The 15th Governor General is shown here in Blood (Kainai First Nation) headdress.The Inuit, which means “the people” in theInuktitut language, live in small, scatteredcommunities across the Arctic. Their knowledgeof the land, sea and wildlife enabled them toadapt to one of the harshest environments onearth.The Métis are a distinct people of mixedAboriginal and European ancestry, the majorityof whom live in the Prairie provinces. Theycome from both French- and English-speakingbackgrounds and speak their own dialect, Michif.About 65% of the Aboriginal people are FirstNations, while 30% are Métis and 4% Inuit.(From Left to Right)St. Patrick’s Day Parade,Montreal, QuebecHighland dancer atGlengarry HighlandGames, Maxville, OntarioCelebrating FêteNationale, Gatineau,QuebecAcadian fiddler, Villageof Grande-Anse, NewBrunswickEnglish and FrenchCanadian society today stems largely from theEnglish-speaking and French-speaking Christiancivilizations that were brought here from Europeby settlers. English and French define thereality of day-to-day life for most people andare the country’s official languages. The federalgovernment is required by law to provide servicesthroughout Canada in English and French.Today, there are 18 million Anglophones—peoplewho speak English as a first language—and7 million Francophones—people who speakFrench as their first language. While the majorityof Francophones live in the province of Quebec,one million Francophones live in Ontario,New Brunswick and Manitoba, with a smallerpresence in other provinces. New Brunswick isthe only officially bilingual province.The Acadians are the descendants of Frenchcolonists who began settling in what are nowthe Maritime provinces in 1604. Between 1755and 1763, during the war between Britain andFrance, more than two-thirds of the Acadianswere deported from their homeland. Despitethis ordeal, known as the “Great Upheaval,” theAcadians survived and maintained their uniqueidentity. Today, Acadian culture is flourishingand is a lively part of French-speaking Canada.Quebecers are the people of Quebec, the vastmajority French-speaking. Most are descendantsof 8,500 French settlers from the 1600s and1700s and maintain a unique identity, culture andlanguage. The House of Commons recognized in2006 that the Quebecois form a nation withina united Canada. One million Anglo-Quebecershave a heritage of 250 years and form a vibrantpart of the Quebec fabric.Discover Canada11

12Becoming CanadianSome Canadians immigrate from places where they have experienced warfare or conflict. Such experiencesdo not justify bringing to Canada violent, extreme or hateful prejudices. In becoming Canadian, newcomersare expected to embrace democratic principles such as the rule of law.The basic way of life in English-speaking areaswas established by hundreds of thousandsof English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish settlers,soldiers and migrants from the 1600s to the 20thcentury. Generations of pioneers and builders ofBritish origins, as well as other groups, investedand endured hardship in laying the foundationsof our country. This helps explain whyAnglophones (English speakers) are generallyreferred to as English Canadians.Celebration of Cultures,Edmonton, Alberta(From Left to Right)Ismaili Muslims in theCalgary Stampede,AlbertaCaribbean culturalfestival,Toronto, OntarioUkrainian PysankaFestival, Vegreville,AlbertaYoung Polish dancers inOliver, British ColumbiaDiversity in CanadaThe majority of Canadians were born in thiscountry and this has been true since the 1800s.However, Canada is often referred to as a landof immigrants because, over the past 200 years,millions of newcomers have helped to build anddefend our way of life.Many ethnic and religious groups live andwork in peace as proud Canadians. The largestgroups are the English, French, Scottish, Irish,German, Italian, Chinese, Aboriginal, Ukrainian,Dutch, South Asian and Scandinavian. Since the1970s, most immigrants have come from Asiancountries.Pipes and drums inOttawa

Non-official languages are widely spoken inCanadian homes. Chinese languages are thesecond most-spoken at home, after English, intwo of Canada’s biggest cities. In Vancouver,13% of the population speak Chinese languagesat home; in Toronto, the number is 7%.The great majority of Canadians identify asChristians. The largest religious affiliationis Catholic, followed by various Protestantchurches. The numbers of Muslims, Jews, Hindus,Sikhs and members of other religions, as well aspeople who state “no religion” are also growing.In Canada the state has traditionally partneredwith faith communities to promote social welfare,harmony and mutual respect; to provide schoolsand health care; to resettle refugees; and touphold religious freedom, religious expressionand freedom of conscience.Canada’s diversity includes gay and lesbianCanadians, who enjoy the full protection of andequal treatment under the law, including accessto civil marriage.Together, these diverse groups, sharing acommon Canadian identity, make up today’smulticultural society.(From Left to Right)Christmas in Gatineau | Chinese-Canadian war veterans |Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Quebec City | Chinese New Yearcelebration, VancouverOlympian Marjorie Turner-Bailey of Nova Scotia isa descendant of black Loyalists, escaped slavesand freed men and women of African origin whoin the 1780s fled to Canada from America, whereslavery remained legal until 186313Discover Canada

14Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideCanada’s HistoryAboriginal peoplesWhen Europeans explored Canada they found allregions occupied by native peoples they calledIndians, because the first explorers thought theyhad reached the East Indies. The native peoplelived off the land, some by hunting and gathering,others by raising crops. The Huron-Wendat ofthe Great Lakes region, like the Iroquois, werefarmers and hunters. The Cree and Dene of theNorthwest were hunter-gatherers. The Sioux werenomadic, following the bison (buffalo) herd. TheInuit lived off Arctic wildlife. West Coast nativespreserved fish by drying and smoking. Warfarewas common among Aboriginal groups as theycompeted for land, resources and prestige.The arrival of European traders, missionaries,soldiers and colonists changed the native wayof life forever. Large numbers of Aboriginalsdied of European diseases to which they lackedimmunity. However, Aboriginals and Europeansformed strong economic, religious and militarybonds in the first 200 years of coexistence whichlaid the foundations of Canada.(Top)Indian encampment, furtrade era(Right)John Cabot, an Italianimmigrant to England,was the first to mapCanada’s Atlanticshore, setting foot onNewfoundland or CapeBreton Island in 1497 andclaiming the New FoundeLand for England. Englishsettlement did not beginuntil 1610Jacques Cartier wasthe first European toexplore the St. LawrenceRiver and to set eyes onpresent-day Quebec Cityand MontrealThe First EuropeansThe Vikings from Iceland who colonizedGreenland 1,000 years ago also reached Labradorand the island of Newfoundland. The remainsof their settlement, l’Anse aux Meadows, are aWorld Heritage site.European exploration began in earnest in 1497with the expedition of John Cabot, who was thefirst to draw a map of Canada’s East Coast.Exploring a river, naming CanadaBetween 1534 and 1542, Jacques Cartier madethree voyages across the Atlantic, claiming theland for King Francis I of France. Cartier heardtwo captured guides speak the Iroquoian wordkanata, meaning “village.” By the 1550s, thename of Canada began appearing on maps.

Royal New FranceIn 1604, the first European settlement north ofFlorida was established by French explorersPierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain, firston St. Croix Island (in present-day Maine), then atPort-Royal, in Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia).In 1608 Champlain built a fortress at what is nowQuebec City. The colonists struggled against aharsh climate. Champlain allied the colony withthe Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron, historicenemies of the Iroquois, a confederation of five(later six) First Nations who battled with theFrench settlements for a century. The French andthe Iroquois made peace in 1701.The French and Aboriginal people collaboratedin the vast fur-trade economy, driven by thedemand for beaver pelts in Europe. Outstandingleaders like Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and CountFrontenac built a French Empire in North Americathat reached from Hudson Bay to the Gulf ofMexico.Struggle for a continentIn 1670, King Charles II of England granted theHudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rightsover the watershed draining into Hudson Bay.For the next 100 years the Company competedwith Montreal-based traders. The skilled andcourageous men who travelled by canoe werecalled voyageurs and coureurs des bois, andformed strong alliances with First Nations.English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard,dating from the early 1600s, eventually becamericher and more populous than New France. Inthe 1700s France and Great Britain battled forcontrol of North America. In 1759, the Britishdefeated the French in the Battle of the Plainsof Abraham at Quebec City — marking the endof France’s empire in America. The commandersof both armies, Brigadier James Wolfe and theMarquis de Montcalm, were killed leading theirtroops in battle.The province of QuebecFollowing the war, Great Britain renamed thecolony the “Province of Quebec.” The FrenchspeakingCatholic people, known as habitantsor Canadiens, strove to preserve their way of lifein the English-speaking, Protestant-ruled BritishEmpire.A tradition of accommodationTo better govern the French Roman Catholicmajority, the British Parliament passed theQuebec Act of 1774. One of the constitutionalfoundations of Canada, the Quebec Actaccommodated the principles of Britishinstitutions to the reality of the province. Itallowed religious freedom for Catholics andpermitted them to hold public office, a practicenot then allowed in Britain. The Quebec Actrestored French civil law while maintainingBritish criminal law.United empire loyalistsIn 1776, the thirteen British colonies to thesouth of Quebec declared independence andformed the United States. North America wasagain divided by war. More than 40,000 peopleloyal to the Crown, called “Loyalists,” fled theoppression of the American Revolution to settlein Nova Scotia and Quebec. Joseph Brant ledthousands of Loyalist Mohawk Indians intoCanada. The Loyalists came from Dutch, German,British, Scandinavian, Aboriginal and otherorigins and from Presbyterian, Anglican, Baptist,Methodist, Jewish, Quaker, and Catholic religiousbackgrounds. About 3,000 black Loyalists,freedmen and slaves, came north seeking abetter life. In turn, in 1792, some black NovaScotians, who were given poor land, moved onto establish Freetown, Sierra Leone (West Africa),a new British colony for freed slaves.(From Left to Right)Count Frontenac refusedto surrender Quebecto the English in 1690,saying: “My only replywill be from the mouthsof my cannons!”Pierre Le Moyne, Sieurd’Iberville, was a greathero of New France,winning many victoriesover the English, fromJames Bay in the north toNevis in the Caribbean,in the late 17th and early18th centuriesSir Guy Carleton (LordDorchester), as Governorof Quebec, defended therights of the Canadiens,defeated an Americanmilitary invasion ofQuebec in 1775, andsupervised the Loyalistmigration to Nova Scotiaand Quebec in 1782-8315Discover Canada

16Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideThe first electedAssembly of LowerCanada, in Quebec City,debates whether to useboth French and English,January 21, 1793The Beginnings of DemocracyDemocratic institutions developed gradually and peacefully. The first representative assembly waselected in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1758. Prince Edward Island followed in 1773, New Brunswick in 1785.The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada (later Ontario), whichwas mainly Loyalist, Protestant and English-speaking, and Lower Canada (later Quebec), heavily Catholicand French-speaking.The Act also granted to the Canadas, for the first time, legislative assemblies elected by the people. Thename Canada also became official at this time and has been used ever since. The Atlantic colonies andthe two Canadas were known collectively as British North America.(Bottom from Left toRight)Lieutenant Colonel JohnGraves Simcoe wasUpper Canada’s firstLieutenant Governorand founder of the Cityof York (now Toronto).Simcoe also made UpperCanada the first provincein the British Empire toabolish slaveryMary Ann (Shadd) Careywas an outspokenactivist in the movementto abolish slavery inthe U.S.A. In 1853 shebecame the first womanpublisher in Canada,helping to found and editThe Provincial Freeman,a weekly newspaperdedicated to anti-slavery,black immigration toCanada, temperance(urging people to drinkless alcohol) andupholding British ruleAbolition of slaverySlavery has existed all over the world, from Asia,Africa and the Middle East to the Americas. Thefirst movement to abolish the transatlantic slavetrade emerged in the British Parliament in the late1700s. In 1793, Upper Canada, led by LieutenantGovernor John Graves Simcoe, a Loyalist militaryofficer, became the first province in the Empireto move toward abolition. In 1807, the BritishParliament prohibited the buying and selling ofslaves, and in 1833 abolished slavery throughoutthe Empire. Thousands of slaves escaped fromthe United States, followed “the North Star” andsettled in Canada via the Underground Railroad,a Christian anti-slavery network.A growing economyThe first companies in Canada were formedduring the French and British regimes andcompeted for the fur trade. The Hudson’s BayCompany, with French, British and Aboriginalemployees, came to dominate the trade in thenorthwest from Fort Garry (Winnipeg) and FortEdmonton to Fort Langley (near Vancouver) andFort Victoria—trading posts that later becamecities.The first financial institutions opened in thelate 18th and early 19th centuries. The MontrealStock Exchange opened in 1832. For centuriesCanada’s economy was based mainly on farmingand on exporting natural resources such as fur,fish and timber, transported by roads, lakes,rivers and canals.

The War of 1812: The Fight for CanadaAfter the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte’s fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), the Royal Navy ruled thewaves. The British Empire, which included Canada, fought to resist Bonaparte’s bid to dominate Europe.This led to American resentment at British interference with their shipping. Believing it would be easy toconquer Canada, the United States launched an invasion in June 1812. The Americans were mistaken.Canadian volunteers and First Nations, including Shawnee led by Chief Tecumseh, supported Britishsoldiers in Canada’s defence. In July, Major-General Sir Isaac Brock captured Detroit but was killed whiledefending against an American attack at Queenston Heights, near Niagara Falls, a battle the Americanslost. In 1813, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry and 460 soldiers, mostly French Canadiens,turned back 4,000 American invaders at Châteauguay, south of Montreal. In 1813 the Americansburned Government House and the Parliament Buildings in York (now Toronto). In retaliation in 1814,Major-General Robert Ross led an expedition from Nova Scotia that burned down the White House andother public buildings in Washington, D.C. Ross died in battle soon afterwards and was buried in Halifaxwith full military honours.(From Left to Right)HMS Shannon, a RoyalNavy frigate, leadsthe captured USSChesapeake into Halifaxharbour, 1813. Therewere also naval battleson the Great LakesMajor General SirIsaac Brock and ChiefTecumseh. Together,British troops, FirstNations and Canadianvolunteers defeated anAmerican invasion in1812-14By 1814, the American attempt to conquer Canada had failed. The British paid for a costly Canadiandefence system, including the Citadels at Halifax and Quebec City, the naval drydock at Halifax andFort Henry at Kingston—today popular historic sites. The present-day Canada-U.S.A. border is partly anoutcome of the War of 1812, which ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States.The Duke of Wellingtonsent some of his bestsoldiers to defendCanada in 1814. He thenchose Bytown (Ottawa)as the endpoint of theRideau Canal, partof a network of fortsto prevent the U.S.A.from invading Canadaagain. Wellington, whodefeated Napoleon in1815, therefore playeda direct role in foundingthe national capitalIn 1813, Laura Secord,pioneer wife and motherof five children, made adangerous 19 mile(30 km) journey on footto warn Lieutenant JamesFitzGibbon of a plannedAmerican attack. Herbravery contributed tovictory at the Battle ofBeaver Dams. She isrecognized as a heroine tothis dayFrench-Canadianmilitiamen helpeddefend Canada in theWar of 1812Rebellions of 1837–38In the 1830s, reformers in Upper and LowerCanada believed that progress toward fulldemocracy was too slow. Some believed Canadashould adopt American republican values oreven try to join the United States. When armedrebellions occurred in 1837–38 in the areaoutside Montreal and in Toronto, the rebels didnot have enough public support to succeed. Theywere defeated by British troops and Canadianvolunteers. A number of rebels were hanged orexiled; some exiles later returned to Canada.Lord Durham, an English reformer sent to reporton the rebellions, recommended that Upper andLower Canada be merged and given responsiblegovernment. This meant that the ministers of17Discover Canada

Expansion of the Dominion1867 – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia,New Brunswick1870 – Manitoba, Northwest Territories1871 – British Columbia1873 – Prince Edward Island1880 – Transfer of the Arctic Islands (to N.W.T.)1898 – Yukon Territory1905 – Alberta, Saskatchewan1949 – Newfoundland and Labrador1999 – NunavutDid you know? In the 1920s, some believedthat the British West Indies (British territoriesin the Caribbean Sea) should become part ofCanada. This did not occur, though Canadaand Commonwealth Caribbean countries andterritories enjoy close ties today.Canada’s First Prime MinisterIn 1867, Sir John Alexander Macdonald, a Fatherof Confederation, became Canada’s first PrimeMinister. Born in Scotland on January 11, 1815,he came to Upper Canada as a child. He was alawyer in Kingston, Ontario, a gifted politicianand a colourful personality. Parliament hasrecognized January 11 as Sir John A. MacdonaldDay. His portrait is on the $10 bill.Sir George-Étienne Cartier was the key architectof Confederation from Quebec. A railway lawyer,Montrealer, close ally of Macdonald and patrioticCanadien, Cartier led Quebec into Confederationand helped negotiate the entry of the NorthwestTerritories, Manitoba and British Columbia intoCanada.Sir John A. Macdonald,the first Prime Minister ofthe Dominion of CanadaChallenge in the westWhen Canada took over the vast northwest regionfrom the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1869, the12,000 Métis of the Red River were not consulted.In response, Louis Riel led an armed uprising andseized Fort Garry, the territorial capital. Canada’sfuture was in jeopardy. How could the Dominionreach from sea to sea if it could not control theinterior?Ottawa sent soldiers to retake Fort Garry in1870. Riel fled to the United States and Canadaestablished a new province: Manitoba. Riel waselected to Parliament but never took his seat.Later, as Métis and Indian rights were againthreatened by westward settlement, a secondrebellion in 1885 in present-day Saskatchewanled to Riel’s trial and execution for high treason,a decision that was strongly opposed in Quebec.Riel is seen by many as a hero, a defender ofMétis rights and the father of Manitoba.After the first Métis uprising, Prime MinisterMacdonald established the North West MountedPolice (NWMP) in 1873 to pacify the West andassist in negotiations with the Indians. TheNWMP founded Fort Calgary, Fort MacLeod andother centres that today are cities and towns.Regina became its headquarters. Today, theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or “theMounties”) are the national police force andone of Canada’s best-known symbols. Some ofCanada’s most colourful heroes, such as MajorGeneral Sir Sam Steele, came from the ranks ofthe Mounties.(From Left to Right)Fort Garry, 1863: the flag of the Hudson’s Bay Company flewover Western Canada for 200 years before ConfederationSir Sam Steele: A great frontier hero, Mounted Policeman andsoldier of the QueenMétis Resistance: Gabriel Dumont was the Métis’ greatestmilitary leaderDiscover Canada19

20Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideMembers of the traincrew pose with awestbound PacificExpress, at thefirst crossing of theIllecillewaet River nearGlacier, B.C., 1886A Railway from Sea to SeaBritish Columbia joined Canada in 1871 after Ottawa promised to build a railway to the West Coast. OnNovember 7, 1885, a powerful symbol of unity was completed when Donald Smith (Lord Strathcona), theScottish-born director of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), drove the last spike. The project was financedby British and American investors and built by both European and Chinese labour. Afterwards the Chinesewere subject to discrimination, including the Head Tax, a race-based entry fee. The Government of Canadaapologized in 2006 for this discriminatory policy. After many years of heroic work, the CPR’s “ribbons ofsteel” fulfilled a national dream.Chinese workers’ campon the CPR, Kamloops,B.C., 1886Moving westwardCanada’s economy grew and became moreindustrialized during the economic boom of the1890s and early 1900s. One million British andone million Americans immigrated to Canada atthis time.Sir Wilfrid Laurier became the first French-Canadian prime minister since Confederationand encouraged immigration to the West. Hisportrait is on the $5 bill. The railway made itpossible for immigrants, including 170,000Ukrainians, 115,000 Poles and tens of thousandsfrom Germany, France, Norway and Sweden tosettle in the West before 1914 and develop athriving agricultural sector.

(From Left to Right)Sergeant, Fort Garry Horse,Canadian Expeditionary Force,1916Sir Arthur Currie, a reserveofficer, became Canada’sgreatest soldierMaple leaf cap badge fromthe First World War. Canada’ssoldiers began using the mapleleaf in the 1850sThe First World WarMost Canadians were proud to be part of theBritish Empire. Over 7,000 volunteered to fightin the South African War (1899–1902), popularlyknown as the Boer War, and over 260 died. In1900, Canadians took part in the battles ofPaardeberg (“Horse Mountain”) and Lillefontein,victories that strengthened national pride inCanada.When Germany attacked Belgium and France in1914 and Britain declared war, Ottawa formed theCanadian Expeditionary Force (later the CanadianCorps). More than 600,000 Canadians served inthe war, most of them volunteers, out of a totalpopulation of eight million.On the battlefield, the Canadians proved to betough, innovative soldiers. Canada shared inthe tragedy and triumph of the Western Front.The Canadian Corps captured Vimy Ridge inApril 1917, with 10,000 killed or wounded,securing the Canadians’ reputation for valouras the “shock troops of the British Empire.” OneCanadian officer said: “It was Canada from theAtlantic to the Pacific on parade ... In those fewminutes I witnessed the birth of a nation.” April9 is celebrated as Vimy Day.Regrettably, from 1914 to 1920, Ottawa internedover 8,000 former Austro-Hungarian subjects,mainly Ukrainian men, as “enemy aliens” in24 labour camps across Canada, even thoughBritain advised against the policy.In 1918, under the command of General Sir ArthurCurrie, Canada’s greatest soldier, the CanadianCorps advanced alongside the French andBritish Empire troops in the last hundred days.These included the victorious Battle of Amienson August 8, 1918–which the Germans called“the black day of the German Army”–followedby Arras, Canal du Nord, Cambrai and Mons.With Germany and Austria’s surrender, the warended in the Armistice on November 11, 1918. Intotal 60,000 Canadians were killed and 170,000wounded. The war strengthened both nationaland imperial pride, particularly in EnglishCanada.(From Top to Bottom)The Vimy Memorial inFrance honours thosewho served and died inthe Battle of Vimy Ridgeon April 9, 1917, the firstBritish victory of the FirstWorld WarAgnes Macphail, a farmerand teacher, became thefirst woman MP in 1921Women get the voteAt the time of Confederation, the vote waslimited to property-owning adult white males.This was common in most democratic countriesat the time. The effort by women to achieve theright to vote is known as the women’s suffragemovement. Its founder in Canada was Dr. EmilyStowe, the first Canadian woman to practisemedicine in Canada. In 1916, Manitoba becamethe first province to grant voting rights to women.In 1917, thanks to the leadership of women suchas Dr. Stowe and other suffragettes, the federalgovernment of Sir Robert Borden gave womenthe right to vote in federal elections — first tonurses at the battle front, then to women whowere related to men in active wartime service.In 1918, most Canadian female citizens aged 21and over were granted the right to vote in federalelections. In 1921 Agnes Macphail, a farmer andteacher, became the first woman MP. Due to thework of Thérèse Casgrain and others, Quebecgranted women the vote in 1940.More than 3,000 nurses,nicknamed “Bluebirds,”served in the RoyalCanadian Army MedicalCorps, 2,500 of themoverseas21Discover Canada

22Your Canadian Citizenship Study Guide(From Left to Right)Canadian soldiersobserve RemembranceDayRemembrance Day poppyCanadian war veteranScouts withRemembrance DaywreathCanadians remember the sacrifices of ourveterans and brave fallen in all wars up to thepresent day in which Canadians took part,each year on November 11: Remembrance Day.Canadians wear the red poppy and observe amoment of silence at the 11th hour of the 11thday of the 11th month to honour the sacrificesof over a million brave men and women whohave served, and the 110,000 who have giventheir lives. Canadian medical officer Lt. Col. JohnMcCrae composed the poem “In Flanders Fields”in 1915; it is often recited on Remembrance Day:In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below.We are the dead. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,Loved, and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields.Take up our quarrel with the foe:To you from failing hands we throwThe torch; be yours to hold it high.If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, though poppies growIn Flanders fields.Between the warsAfter the First World War, the British Empireevolved into a free association of states knownas the British Commonwealth of Nations. Canadaremains a leading member of the Commonwealthto this day, together with other successor statesof the Empire such as India, Australia, NewZealand, and several African and Caribbeancountries.The “Roaring Twenties” were boom times,with prosperity for businesses and lowunemployment. The stock market crash of 1929,however, led to the Great Depression or the “DirtyThirties.” Unemployment reached 27% in 1933and many businesses were wiped out. Farmersin Western Canada were hit hardest by low grainprices and a terrible drought.There was growing demand for the government tocreate a social safety net with minimum wages,a standard work week and programs such asunemployment insurance. The Bank of Canada,a central bank to manage the money supplyand bring stability to the financial system, wascreated in 1934. Immigration dropped and manyrefugees were turned away, including Jews tryingto flee Nazi Germany in 1939.Phil Edwards was a Canadiantrack and field champion.Born in British Guiana, hewon bronze medals forCanada in the 1928, 1932and 1936 Olympics, thengraduated from McGillUniversity Medical School.He served as a captain in theCanadian Army during theSecond World War and, as aMontreal doctor, became anexpert in tropical diseases

In the Second World War,the Canadians capturedJuno Beach as part ofthe Allied invasion ofNormandy on D-Day, June6, 1944The D-Day Invasion, June 6, 1944In order to defeat Nazism and Fascism, the Allies invaded Nazi-occupied Europe. Canadians tookpart in the liberation of Italy in 1943–44. In the epic invasion of Normandy in northern France onJune 6, 1944, known as D-Day, 15,000 Canadian troops stormed and captured Juno Beach from the GermanArmy, a great national achievement shown in this painting by Orville Fisher. Approximately one in tenAllied soldiers on D-Day was Canadian. The Canadian Army liberated the Netherlands in 1944–45 andhelped force the German surrender of May 8, 1945, bringing to an end six years of war in Europe.The Second World WarThe Second World War began in 1939 when AdolfHitler, the National Socialist (Nazi) dictator ofGermany, invaded Poland and conquered muchof Europe. Canada joined with its democraticallies in the fight to defeat tyranny by force ofarms.More than one million Canadians andNewfoundlanders (Newfoundland was a separateBritish entity) served in the Second World War,out of a population of 11.5 million. This was ahigh proportion and of these, 44,000 were killed.The Canadians fought bravely and sufferedlosses in the unsuccessful defence of HongKong (1941) from attack by Imperial Japan, andin a failed raid on Nazi-controlled Dieppe on thecoast of France (1942).The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) took partin the Battle of Britain and provided a highproportion of Commonwealth aircrew in bombersand fighter planes over Europe. Moreover,Canada contributed more to the Allied air effortthan any other Commonwealth country, with over130,000 Allied air crew trained in Canada underthe British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) saw its finesthour in the Battle of the Atlantic, protectingconvoys of merchant ships against Germansubmarines. Canada’s Merchant Navy helpedto feed, clothe and resupply Britain. At the endof the Second World War, Canada had the thirdlargestnavy in the world.In the Pacific war, Japan invaded the AleutianIslands, attacked a lighthouse on VancouverIsland, launched fire balloons over B.C. andthe Prairies, and grossly maltreated Canadianprisoners of war captured at Hong Kong. Japansurrendered on August 14, 1945—the end of fouryears of war in the Pacific.Regrettably, the state of war and public opinionin B.C. led to the forcible relocation of Canadiansof Japanese origin by the federal government andthe sale of their property without compensation.This occurred even though the military and theRCMP told Ottawa that they posed little danger toCanada. The Government of Canada apologizedin 1988 for wartime wrongs and compensated thevictims.23Discover Canada

24Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideModern CanadaA medical researcherTrade and economic growthPostwar Canada enjoyed record prosperity andmaterial progress. The world’s restrictive tradingpolicies in the Depression era were opened upby such treaties as the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World TradeOrganization (WTO). The discovery of oil inAlberta in 1947 began Canada’s modern energyindustry. In 1951, for the first time, a majority ofCanadians were able to afford adequate food,shelter and clothing. Between 1945 and 1970,as Canada drew closer to the United States andother trading partners, the country enjoyed oneof the strongest economies among industrializednations. Today, Canadians enjoy one of theworld’s highest standards of living—maintainedby the hard work of Canadians and by trade withother nations, in particular the United States.As prosperity grew, so did the ability to supportsocial assistance programs. The Canada HealthAct ensures common elements and a basicstandard of coverage. Unemployment insurance(now called “employment insurance”) wasintroduced by the federal government in 1940.Old Age Security was devised as early as 1927,and the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans in1965. Publicly funded education is provided bythe provinces and territories.International engagementLike Australia, New Zealand and other countries,Canada developed its autonomy gradually witha capacity to make significant contributionsinternationally.The Cold War began when several liberatedcountries of eastern Europe became part of aCommunist bloc controlled by the Soviet Unionunder the dictator Josef Stalin. Canada joinedwith other democratic countries of the Westto form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), a military alliance, and with the UnitedStates in the North American Aerospace DefenceCommand (NORAD).Toronto’s business district: Canada’s financial capitalCanada joined international organizations suchas the United Nations (UN). It participated inthe UN operation defending South Korea in theKorean War (1950–53), with 500 dead and 1,000wounded. Canada has taken part in numerousUN peacekeeping missions in places as variedas Egypt, Cyprus and Haiti, as well as in otherinternational security operations such as thosein the former Yugoslavia and Afghanistan.Canada and QuebecFrench-Canadian society and culture flourishedin the postwar years. Quebec experienced an eraof rapid change in the 1960s known as the QuietRevolution. Many Quebecers sought to separatefrom Canada. In 1963 Parliament establishedthe Royal Commission on Bilingualism andBiculturalism. This led to the Official LanguagesAct (1969), which guarantees French and Englishservices in the federal government acrossCanada. In 1970, Canada helped found LaFrancophonie, an international association ofFrench-speaking countries.The movement for Quebec sovereignty gainedstrength but was defeated in a referendum inthe province in 1980. After much negotiation, in1982 the Constitution was amended without theagreement of Quebec. Though sovereignty wasagain defeated in a second referendum in 1995,the autonomy of Quebec within Canada remainsa lively topic—part of the dynamic that continuesto shape our country.

(From Left to Right)Vietnamese CanadianparadeF-86 Sabre, RoyalCanadian Air ForceCirque du SoleilA Changing SocietyArts and culture in CanadaAs social values changed over more than50 years, Canada became a more flexible andopen society. Many took advantage of expandingsecondary and postsecondary educationalopportunities and a growing number of womenentered the professional work force.Canadian artists have a long history ofachievement in which Canadians take pride.Artists from all regions reflect and define ourculture and forms of creative expression andhave achieved greatness both at home andabroad.Canadians have made significant contributionsto literature in English and in French. Novelists,poets, historians, educators and musicians hada significant cultural impact. Men and women ofletters included Stephen Leacock, Louis Hémon,Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, Pauline Johnson, ÉmileNelligan, Robertson Davies, Margaret Laurenceand Mordecai Richler. Musicians such asSir Ernest MacMillan and Healey Willan wonrenown in Canada and abroad. Writers such asJoy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje and RohintonMistry have diversified Canada’s literaryexperience.The Jack Pine, Tom ThomsonMost Canadians of Asian descent had in the pastbeen denied the vote in federal and provincialelections. In 1948 the last of these, the Japanese-Canadians, gained the right to vote. Aboriginalpeople were granted the vote in 1960. Todayevery citizen over the age of 18 may vote.Canada welcomed thousands of refugees fromCommunist oppression, including about 37,000who escaped Soviet tyranny in Hungary in 1956.With the Communist victory in the Vietnam Warin 1975, many Vietnamese fled, including over50,000 who sought refuge in Canada.The idea of multiculturalism, as a result of19th- and 20th-century immigration, gained a newimpetus. By the 1960s, one-third of Canadianshad origins that were neither British nor French,and took pride in preserving their distinct culturein the Canadian fabric. Today, diversity enrichesCanadians’ lives, particularly in our cities.In the visual arts, Canada is historically perhapsbest known for the Group of Seven, foundedin 1920, who developed a style of painting tocapture the rugged wilderness landscapes.Emily Carr painted the forests and Aboriginalartifacts of the West Coast. Les Automatistes ofQuebec were pioneers of modern abstract artin the 1950s, most notably Jean-Paul Riopelle.Quebec’s Louis-Philippe Hébert was a celebratedsculptor of historical figures. Kenojuak Ashevakpioneered modern Inuit art with etchings, printsand soapstone sculptures.Canada has a long and respected performing artshistory, with a network of regional theatres andworld-renowned performing arts companies.The films of Denys Arcand have been popular inQuebec and across the country, and have woninternational awards. Other noteworthy Canadianfilmmakers include Norman Jewison and AtomEgoyan. Canadian television has had a popularfollowing.25Discover Canada

26Your Canadian Citizenship Study Guide(From Left to Right)Donovan BaileyChantal PetitclercTerry FoxWayne GretzkyMark Tewksbury, Olympicgold medallist andprominent activist for gayand lesbian CanadiansIn 1972, Paul Hendersonscored the winninggoal for Canada in theCanada-Soviet SummitSeries. This goal is oftenreferred to as “the goalheard around the world”and is still rememberedtoday as an importantevent in both sports andcultural historySports have flourished as all provincesand territories have produced amateur andprofessional star athletes and Olympic medalwinners. Basketball was invented by CanadianJames Naismith in 1891. Many major leaguesports boast Canadian talent and in the nationalsport of ice hockey, Canadian teams havedominated the world. In 1996 at the OlympicSummer Games, Donovan Bailey became aworld record sprinter and double Olympic goldmedallist. Chantal Petitclerc became a worldchampion wheelchair racer and Paralympic goldmedalist. One of the greatest hockey players ofall time, Wayne Gretzky, played for the EdmontonOilers from 1979 to 1988.In 1980, Terry Fox, a British Columbian wholost his right leg to cancer at the age of 18,began a cross-country run, the “Marathon ofHope,” to raise money for cancer research. Hebecame a hero to Canadians. While he did notfinish the run and ultimately lost his battle withcancer, his legacy continues through yearlyfundraising events in his name. In 1985, fellowBritish Columbian Rick Hansen circled the globein a wheelchair to raise funds for spinal cordresearch.Canadian advances in science and technologyare world renowned and have changed the waythe world communicates and does business.Marshall McLuhan and Harold Innis werepioneer thinkers. Science and research inCanada have won international recognitionand attracted world-class students, academicsand entrepreneurs engaged in medicalresearch, telecommunications and other fields.Since 1989, the Canadian Space Agency andCanadian astronauts have participated in spaceexploration, often using the Canadian-designedand built Canadarm. Gerhard Herzberg, a refugeefrom Nazi Germany, John Polanyi, Sidney Altman,Richard E. Taylor, Michael Smith and BertramBrockhouse were Nobel Prize-winning scientists.(From Left to Right)Catriona Le May Doan carries theflag after winning a gold medalin speed skating at the 2002Olympic Winter GamesCanadian football is a populargame that differs in a numberof ways from American football.Professional teams in theCanadian Football League (CFL)compete for the championshipGrey Cup, donated by Lord Grey,the Governor General, in 1909

Scientific innovation atwork: Canadarm2Great Canadian discoveries andinventionsCanadians have made various discoveries andinventions. Some of the most famous are listedbelow.• Alexander Graham Bell — hit on the ideaof the telephone at his summer house inCanada.• Joseph-Armand Bombardier — invented thesnowmobile, a light-weight winter vehicle.• Sir Sandford Fleming — invented theworldwide system of standard time zones.• Matthew Evans and Henry Woodward —together invented the first electric light bulband later sold the patent to Thomas Edisonwho, more famously, commercialized the lightbulb.• Reginald Fessenden — contributed to theinvention of radio, sending the first wirelessvoice message in the world.• Dr. Wilder Penfield — was a pioneering brainsurgeon at McGill University in Montreal, andwas known as “the greatest living Canadian.”• Dr. John A. Hopps — invented the first cardiacpacemaker, used today to save the lives ofpeople with heart disorders.• SPAR Aerospace / National Research Council— invented the Canadarm, a robotic arm usedin outer space.• Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie — co-CEOsof Research in Motion (RIM)—a wirelesscommunications company known for its mostfamous invention–the BlackBerry.Sir Frederick Banting ofToronto and Charles Bestdiscovered insulin,a hormone to treatdiabetes that hassaved 16 million livesworldwideWant to learn more about Canada’s history? Visit a museum or national historic site! Through artifacts,works of art, stories, images and documents, museums explore the diverse events and accomplishmentsthat formed Canada’s history. Museums can be found in almost every city and town across Canada.National historic sites are located in all provinces and territories and include such diverse places asbattlefields, archaeological sites, buildings and sacred spaces. To find a museum or national historic sitein your community or region, visit the websites of the Virtual Museum of Canada and Parks Canada listedat the end of this guide.The prosperity and diversity of our countrydepend on all Canadians working together toface challenges of the future. In seeking tobecome a citizen, you are joining a country that,with your active participation, will continue togrow and thrive.How will you make your contribution to Canada?Discover Canada27

28Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideHow Canadians GovernThemselvesThere are three key facts about Canada’s system of government: our country is a federal state, aparliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.(From Left to Right)Queen ElizabethII opening the 23 rdParliament (1957)Parliament Hill, OttawaMalak of OttawaFederal stateThere are federal, provincial, territorial and municipalgovernments in Canada. The responsibilities of thefederal and provincial governments were defined in1867 in the British North America Act, now known asthe Constitution Act, 1867.In our federal state, the federal governmenttakes responsibility for matters of national andinternational concern. These include defence,foreign policy, interprovincial trade andcommunications, currency, navigation, criminallaw and citizenship. The provinces are responsiblefor municipal government, education, health,natural resources, property and civil rights,and highways. The federal government and theprovinces share jurisdiction over agricultureand immigration. Federalism allows differentprovinces to adopt policies tailored to their ownpopulations, and gives provinces the flexibility toexperiment with new ideas and policies.Every province has its own elected LegislativeAssembly, like the House of Commons in Ottawa.The three northern territories, which have smallpopulations, do not have the status of provinces,but their governments and assemblies carry outmany of the same functions.Parliamentary democracyIn Canada’s parliamentary democracy, the peopleelect members to the House of Commons in Ottawaand to the provincial and territorial legislatures.These representatives are responsible for passinglaws, approving and monitoring expenditures,and keeping the government accountable.Cabinet ministers are responsible to the electedrepresentatives, which means they must retainthe “confidence of the House” and have to resignif they are defeated in a non-confidence vote.Parliament has three parts: the Sovereign (Queenor King), the Senate and the House of Commons.Provincial legislatures comprise the LieutenantGovernor and the elected Assembly.In the federal government, the Prime Ministerselects the Cabinet ministers and is responsible forthe operations and policy of the government. TheHouse of Commons is the representative chamber,made up of members of Parliament elected by thepeople, traditionally every four years. Senators areappointed by the Governor General on the adviceof the Prime Minister and serve until age 75. Boththe House of Commons and the Senate considerand review bills (proposals for new laws). Nobill can become law in Canada until it has beenpassed by both chambers and has received royalassent, granted by the Governor General on behalfof the Sovereign.

making lawsHow a bill becomes law — The Legislative ProcessSTEP 1 First Reading – The bill is considered read for the first time and is printed.STEP 2 Second Reading – Members debate the bill’s principle.STEP 3 Committee Stage – Committee members study the bill clause by clause.STEP 4 Report Stage – Members can make other amendments.STEP 5 Third Reading – Members debate and vote on the bill.STEP 6 Senate – The bill follows a similar process in the Senate.STEP 7 Royal Assent – The bill receives royal assent after being passed by both Houses.Living in a democracy, Canadian citizens havethe right and the responsibility to participate inmaking decisions that affect them. It is importantfor Canadians aged 18 or more to participate intheir democracy by voting in federal, provincialor territorial and municipal elections.Constitutional monarchyAs a constitutional monarchy, Canada’s Head ofState is a hereditary Sovereign (Queen or King),who reigns in accordance with the Constitution:the rule of law. The Sovereign is a part ofParliament, playing an important, non-partisanrole as the focus of citizenship and allegiance,most visibly during royal visits to Canada. HerMajesty is a symbol of Canadian sovereignty,a guardian of constitutional freedoms, and areflection of our history. The Royal Family’sexample of lifelong service to the community isan encouragement for citizens to give their bestto their country. As Head of the Commonwealth,the Sovereign links Canada to 53 other nationsthat cooperate to advance social, economicand cultural progress. Other constitutionalmonarchies include Denmark, Norway, Sweden,Australia, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Spain,Thailand, Japan, Jordan and Morocco.There is a clear distinction in Canada betweenthe head of state—the Sovereign—and the headof government—the Prime Minister, who actuallydirects the governing of the country.The Sovereign is represented in Canada by theGovernor General, who is appointed by theSovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister,usually for five years. In each of the ten provinces,the Sovereign is represented by the LieutenantGovernor, who is appointed by the GovernorGeneral on the advice of the Prime Minister, alsonormally for five years.The interplay between the three branchesof government—the Executive, Legislativeand Judicial—which work together but alsosometimes in creative tension, helps to securethe rights and freedoms of Canadians.Each provincial and territorial government hasan elected legislature where provincial andterritorial laws are passed. The members of thelegislature are called members of the LegislativeAssembly (MLAs), members of the NationalAssembly (MNAs), members of the ProvincialParliament (MPPs) or members of the House ofAssembly (MHAs), depending on the province orterritory.In each province, the Premier has a role similarto that of the Prime Minister in the federalgovernment, just as the Lieutenant Governor hasa role similar to that of the Governor General.In the three territories, the Commissionerrepresents the federal government and plays aceremonial role.Canada’s System of GovernmentExecutiveBranchPrimeMinisterandCabinetParliamentSovereignRepresented in Canada bythe Governor GeneralSenateAppointed on the PrimeMinister’s recommendationHouse of CommonsElected by votersGovernmentMembersJudiciarySupreme Court of CanadaNine judges appointed bythe Governor GeneralFederal Courtof CanadaOppositionMembersProvincialCourtsLegislativeBranch29David Johnston, 28 thGovernor General sinceConfederation, withgrandchildrenDiscover Canada

30Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideFederal ElectionsCanadians vote in elections for the people they want to represent them in the House of Commons. In eachelection, voters may re-elect the same members of the House of Commons or choose new ones. Membersof the House of Commons are also known as members of Parliament or MPs.Under legislation passed by Parliament, federalelections must be held on the third Monday inOctober every four years following the mostrecent general election. The Prime Ministermay ask the Governor General to call an earlierelection.Canada is divided into 308 electoral districts, alsoknown as ridings or constituencies. An electoraldistrict is a geographical area represented by amember of Parliament (MP). The citizens in eachelectoral district elect one MP who sits in theHouse of Commons to represent them, as well asall Canadians.Canadian citizens who are 18 years old or oldermay run in a federal election. The people whorun for office are called candidates. There can bemany candidates in an electoral district.The people in each electoral district vote for thecandidate and political party of their choice. Thecandidate who receives the most votes becomesthe MP for that electoral district.VotingOne of the privileges of Canadian citizenshipis the right to vote. You are eligible to vote ina federal election or cast a ballot in a federalreferendum if you are:• a Canadian citizen; and• at least 18 years old on voting day; and• on the voters’ list.The voters’ lists used during federal electionsand referendums are produced from theNational Register of Electors by a neutral agencyof Parliament called Elections Canada. This isa permanent database of Canadian citizens 18years of age or older who are qualified to vote infederal elections and referendums.Once an election has been called, ElectionsCanada mails a voter information card to eachelector whose name is in the National Registerof Electors. The card lists when and where youvote and the number to call if you require aninterpreter or other special services.Even if you choose not to be listed in the NationalRegister of Electors or do not receive a voterinformation card, you can still be added to thevoters’ list at any time, including on election day.To vote either on election day or at advance polls,go to the polling station listed on your voterinformation card. (See voting procedures)House of Commonschamber

House of Commons insessionSecret ballotCanadian law secures the right to a secret ballot.This means that no one can watch you vote andno one should look at how you voted. You maychoose to discuss how you voted with others, butno one, including family members, your employeror union representative, has the right to insistthat you tell them how you voted. Immediatelyafter the polling stations close, election officerscount the ballots and the results are announcedon radio and television, and in the newspapers.After an electionOrdinarily, after an election, the leader of thepolitical party with the most seats in the Houseof Commons is invited by the Governor Generalto form the government. After being appointedby the Governor General, the leader of this partybecomes the Prime Minister. If the party in powerholds at least half of the seats in the House ofCommons, this is called a majority government.If the party in power holds less than half of theseats in the House of Commons, this is called aminority government.The Prime Minister and the party in power runthe government as long as they have the supportor confidence of the majority of the MPs. Whenthe House of Commons votes on a major issuesuch as the budget this is considered a matterof confidence. If a majority of the members ofthe House of Commons vote against a majorgovernment decision, the party in power isdefeated, which usually results in the PrimeMinister asking the Governor General, on behalfof the Sovereign, to call an election.The Prime Minister chooses the ministers of theCrown, most of them from among members ofthe House of Commons. Cabinet ministers areresponsible for running the federal governmentdepartments. The Prime Minister and theCabinet ministers are called the Cabinet andthey make important decisions about how thecountry is governed. They prepare the budgetand propose most new laws. Their decisions canbe questioned by all members of the House ofCommons.The opposition party with the most members of theHouse of Commons is the Official Opposition orHer Majesty’s Loyal Opposition. The other partiesthat are not in power are known as oppositionparties. The role of opposition parties is topeacefully oppose or try to improve governmentproposals. There are four major political partiescurrently represented in the House of Commons:the Bloc Québécois, Conservative Party, LiberalParty and New Democratic Party.Discover Canada31

32Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideVoting procedures during an election period1. Voter information cardElectors whose information is in the National Register of Electors will receive a voter information card. Thisconfirms that your name is on the voters’ list and states when and where you vote.2. I did not get a cardIf you do not receive a voter information card, call your local elections office to ensure that you are on thevoters’ list. If you do not have the number, call Elections Canada, in Ottawa, at 1-800-463-6868.3. Advance poll and special ballotIf you cannot or do not wish to vote on election day, you can vote at the advance polls or by special ballot.The dates and location are on your voter information card.4. On election dayGo to your polling station. The location is on your voter information card. Bring this card and proof of youridentity and address to the polling station.5. Marking the ballotMark an “X” in the circle next to the name of the candidate of your choice.6. Voting is secretYour vote is secret. You will be invited to go behind the screen to mark your ballot. Once marked, fold itand present it to the poll officials.7. The ballot boxThe poll official will tear off the ballot number and give your ballot back to you to deposit in the ballot box.8. The election resultsWhen the polls close, every ballot is counted and the results are made public. You can see the results ontelevision or on the Elections Canada website (www.elections.ca).

Provincial AssemblyCharlottetown, PEIOther levels ofgovernment in CanadaLocal or municipal government plays animportant role in the lives of our citizens.Municipal governments usually have a councilthat passes laws called “by-laws” that affect onlythe local community. The council usually includesa mayor (or a reeve) and councillors or aldermen.Municipalities are normally responsible forurban or regional planning, streets and roads,sanitation (such as garbage removal), snowremoval, firefighting, ambulance and otheremergency services, recreation facilities, publictransit and some local health and social services.Most major urban centres have municipal policeforces.Provincial, territorial and municipal electionsare held by secret ballot, but the rules are notthe same as those for federal elections. It isimportant to find out the rules for voting inprovincial, territorial and local elections so thatyou can exercise your right to vote.Government Elected Officials Some ResponsibilitiesFederal • Members of Parliament(MPs)• NationalDefence• Foreign Policy• Citizenship• Policing• Criminal Justice• International Trade• Aboriginal Affairs• Immigration(shared)• Agriculture (shared)• Environment(shared)Provincial andTerritorial• Members of the LegislativeAssembly (MLA) or• Members of the NationalAssembly (MNA) or• Members of the ProvincialParliament (MPP) or• Members of the House ofAssembly (MHA)• Education• Health Care• NaturalResources• Highways• Policing(Ontario,Quebec)• Property andCivil Rights• Immigration(shared)• Agriculture (shared)• Environment(shared)Municipal (local) • Mayor or Reeve• Councillors or AldermenThe First Nations have band chiefs and councillorswho have major responsibilities on First Nationsreserves, including housing, schools and otherservices. There are a number of provincial,• Social and Community Health• Recycling Programs• Transportation and Utilities• Snow Removal• Policing• Firefighting• Emergency Servicesregional and national Aboriginal organizationsthat are a voice for First Nations, Métis and Inuitpeople in their relationships with the federal,provincial and territorial governments.Discover Canada33

34Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideHow Much Do You Know About Your Government?Use these pages to take notes and to study important information.Federal GovernmentHead of State:____________________________________________________________________________The name of the representative of theQueen of Canada, the Governor General, is____________________________________________________The Head of Government, the Prime Minister, is_________________________________________________The name of the political party in power is_____________________________________________________The name of the Leader of the Opposition is____________________________________________________The name of the party representing Her Majesty’s Loyal Opposition is______________________________The names of the other opposition parties and leaders are ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________My Member of Parliament (MP) in Ottawa is____________________________________________________My federal electoral district is called__________________________________________________________Provincial GovernmentThe representative of the Queen inmy province, the Lieutenant Governor, is______________________________________________________The Head of Government (the Premier) is______________________________________________________The name of the provincial party in power is____________________________________________________The names of the provincial opposition parties and leaders are________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________My provincial representative is_______________________________________________________________

Territorial GovernmentThe name of the Commissioner,who represents the federal government in my territory, is_________________________________________The name of the Premier is__________________________________________________________________The name of my territorial representative is____________________________________________________Municipal GovernmentThe name of the municipality where I live is____________________________________________________The name of the head of the municipal government (mayor or reeve) is_____________________________Quebec City Hall,constructed 1895-96Discover Canada35

36Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideThe Justice SystemThe Canadian justice system guarantees everyone due process under the law. Our judicial system isfounded on the presumption of innocence in criminal matters, meaning everyone is innocent until provenguilty.Canada’s legal system is based on a heritage that includes the rule of law, freedom under the law,democratic principles and due process. Due process is the principle that the government must respect allof legal rights a person is entitled to under the law.Scales of Justice,Vancouver Law Courts.The blindfolded LadyJustice symbolizesthe impartial mannerin which our laws areadministered: blind toall considerations butthe factsCanada is governed by an organized system oflaws. These laws are the written rules intendedto guide people in our society. They are madeby elected representatives. The courts settledisputes and the police enforce the laws. The lawin Canada applies to everyone, including judges,politicians and the police. Our laws are intendedto provide order in society and a peaceful wayto settle disputes, and to express the values andbeliefs of Canadians.Border guard with snifferdog inspects the trunk ofa car at the Canada-USborder

(From Left to Right)Jury benchesOttawa police constablehelping a young boy atthe Aboriginal Day FlotillaPrisons have an essentialrole in punishingcriminals and deterringcrimeCourtsThe Supreme Court of Canada is our country’shighest court. The Federal Court of Canada dealswith matters concerning the federal government.In most provinces there is an appeal court anda trial court, sometimes called the Court ofQueen’s Bench or the Supreme Court. There arealso provincial courts for lesser offences, familycourts, traffic courts and small claims courts forcivil cases involving small sums of money.PoliceThe police are there to keep people safe and toenforce the law. You can ask the police for helpin all kinds of situations—if there’s been anaccident, if someone has stolen something fromyou, if you are a victim of assault, if you see acrime taking place or if someone you know hasgone missing.There are different types of police in Canada.There are provincial police forces in Ontario andQuebec and municipal police departments in allprovinces. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police(RCMP) enforce federal laws throughout Canada,and serve as the provincial police in all provincesand territories except Ontario and Quebec, aswell as in some municipalities. Remember, thepolice are there to help you.You can also question the police about theirservice or conduct if you feel you need to. Almostall police forces in Canada have a process bywhich you can bring your concerns to the policeand seek action.Getting legal helpLawyers can help you with legal problems and actfor you in court. If you cannot pay for a lawyer,in most communities there are legal aid servicesavailable free of charge or at a low cost.Discover Canada37

38Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideCanadian Symbols(From Left to Right)Mace of the House ofCommons, OttawaCanadian flagof 1965The Royal Armsof CanadaParliament at duskCanada has many important symbols — objects, events, and people that have special meaning. Togetherthey help explain what it means to be Canadian and express our national identity. Important Canadiansymbols appear throughout this booklet.The Snowbirds (431Air DemonstrationSquadron) are aCanadian iconThe Canadian Red Ensignserved as the nationalflag for 100 years, andhas been carried officiallyby veterans since 2005The Canadian CrownThe Crown has been a symbol of the statein Canada for 400 years. Canada has been aconstitutional monarchy in its own right sinceConfederation in 1867 during Queen Victoria’sreign. Queen Elizabeth II who has been Queen ofCanada since 1952, marked her Golden Jubileein 2002, and celebrates her Diamond Jubilee(60 years as Sovereign) in 2012. The Crown is asymbol of government, including Parliament, thelegislatures, the courts, police services and theCanadian Forces.Flags in CanadaA new Canadian flag was raised for the first timein 1965. The red-white-red pattern comes fromthe flag of the Royal Military College, Kingston,founded in 1876. Red and white had been coloursof France and England since the Middle Ages andthe national colours of Canada since 1921. TheUnion Jack is our official Royal Flag. The CanadianRed Ensign served as the Canadian flag for about100 years. The provinces and territories also haveflags that embody their distinct traditions.The maple leafThe maple leaf is Canada’s best-known symbol.Maple leaves were adopted as a symbol byFrench-Canadians in the 1700s, have appearedon Canadian uniforms and insignia since the1850s, and are carved into the headstones of ourfallen soldiers buried overseas and in Canada.The fleur-de-lysIt is said that the lily flower (“fleur-de-lys”) wasadopted by the French king in the year 496. Itbecame the symbol of French royalty for more thana thousand years, including the colony of NewFrance. Revived at Confederation, the fleur-delyswas included in the Canadian Red Ensign. In1948 Quebec adopted its own flag, based on theCross and the fleur-de-lys (see p.47).Coat of arms and mottoAs an expression of national pride after the FirstWorld War, Canada adopted an official coat ofarms and a national motto, A Mari Usque AdMare, which in Latin means “from sea to sea.”The arms contain symbols of England, France,Scotland and Ireland as well as red maple leaves.Today the arms can be seen on dollar bills,government documents and public buildings.Parliament buildingsThe towers, arches, sculptures and stained glassof the Parliament Buildings embody the French,English and Aboriginal traditions and the GothicRevival architecture popular in the time of Queen

(Left)Montreal CanadiensStanley Cup champions,1978Victoria. The buildings were completed in the1860s. The Centre Block was destroyed by anaccidental fire in 1916 and rebuilt in 1922. TheLibrary is the only part of the original buildingremaining. The Peace Tower was completedin 1927 in memory of the First World War. TheMemorial Chamber within the Tower contains theBooks of Remembrance in which are written thenames of soldiers, sailors and airmen who diedserving Canada in wars or while on duty.The provincial legislatures are architecturaltreasures. The Quebec National Assembly isbuilt in the French Second Empire style, while thelegislatures of the other provinces are Baroque,Romanesque and neoclassical, reflecting theGreco-Roman heritage of Western civilization inwhich democracy originated.Popular sportsHockey is Canada’s most popular spectatorsport and is considered to be the national wintersport. Ice hockey was developed in Canada inthe 1800s. The National Hockey League playsfor the championship Stanley Cup, donated byLord Stanley, the Governor General, in 1892. TheClarkson Cup, established in 2005 by AdrienneClarkson, the 26 th Governor General (and the firstof Asian origin), is awarded for women’s hockey.Many young Canadians play hockey at school, ina hockey league or on quiet streets—road hockeyor street hockey—and are taken to the hockeyrink by their parents. Canadian children havecollected hockey cards for generations.Canadian football is the second most popularsport (see page 26). Curling, an ice gameintroduced by Scottish pioneers, is popular.Lacrosse, an ancient sport first played byAboriginals, is the official summer sport. Soccerhas the most registered players of any game inCanada.The beaverThe beaver was adopted centuries ago as asymbol of the Hudson’s Bay Company. It becamean emblem of the St. Jean Baptiste Society, aFrench-Canadian patriotic association, in 1834,and was also adopted by other groups. Thisindustrious rodent can be seen on the five-centcoin, on the coats of arms of Saskatchewanand Alberta, and of cities such as Montreal andToronto.Canada’s official languagesEnglish and French are the two official languagesand are important symbols of identity. Englishspeakers (Anglophones) and French speakers(Francophones) have lived together inpartnership and creative tension for more than300 years. You must have adequate knowledgeof English or French to become a Canadiancitizen. Adult applicants 55 years of age and overare exempted from this requirement.Parliament passed the Official Languages Act in1969. It has three main objectives:• Establish equality between French and Englishin Parliament, the Government of Canada andinstitutions subject to the Act;• Maintain and develop official languageminority communities in Canada; and• Promote equality of French and English inCanadian society.(From Top to Bottom)RCMP Musical Ride,Ottawa, OntarioThe industrious beaver39Discover Canada

40Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideNational AnthemO Canada was proclaimed as the national anthem in 1980. It was first sung in Quebec City in 1880. Frenchand English Canadians sing different words to the national anthem.O CanadaO Canada! Our home and native land!True patriot love in all thy sons commandWith glowing hearts we see thee riseThe true North strong and free!From far and wide, O CanadaWe stand on guard for theeGod keep our land glorious and free!O Canada, we stand on guard for theeO Canada, we stand on guard for theeÔ CanadaÔ Canada! Terre de nos aïeux,Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux!Car ton bras sait porter l’épée,Il sait porter la croix!Ton histoire est une épopéeDes plus brillants exploits.Et ta valeur, de foi trempée,Protégera nos foyers et nos droits.Protégera nos foyers et nos droits.Royal AnthemThe Royal Anthem of Canada, “God Save the Queen (or King),” can be played or sung on any occasionwhen Canadians wish to honour the Sovereign.Jazz pianist OscarPeterson (left) receivesthe Order of Canadafrom Roland Michener(right), the 20th GovernorGeneral, in 1973. Inthe centre are NorahMichener and a portraitof Vincent Massey, the18th Governor GeneralGod Save the QueenGod Save our gracious Queen!Long live our noble Queen!God save the Queen!Send her victorious,Happy and glorious,Long to reign over us,God save the Queen!Dieu protège la reineDieu protège la Reine!De sa main souveraine!Vive la Reine!Qu’un règne glorieux,Long et victorieux,Rende son peuple heureux,Vive la Reine!The Order of Canada andother honoursAll countries have ways to recognize outstandingcitizens. Official awards are called honours,consisting of orders, decorations, and medals.After using British honours for many years,Canada started its own honours system withthe Order of Canada in 1967, the centennial ofConfederation.If you know of fellow citizens who you thinkare worthy of recognition, you are welcome tonominate them. Information on nominationsfor many of these honours can be found atwww.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=70?&lan=eng.

(From Left to Right)Col. Alexander RobertsDunn, V.C.Able Seaman WilliamHall, V.C.Brig. Paul Triquet, V.C.Filip Konowal, V.C.,was promoted SergeantThe Victoria CrossThe Victoria Cross (V.C.) is the highest honour available to Canadians and is awarded for the mostconspicuous bravery, a daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty inthe presence of the enemy. The V.C. has been awarded to 96 Canadians since 1854, including:• Then lieutenant Alexander Roberts Dunn, bornin present-day Toronto, served in the BritishArmy in the Charge of the Light Brigade atBalaclava (1854) in the Crimean War, and wasthe first Canadian to be awarded the VictoriaCross.• Able Seaman William Hall of Horton, NovaScotia, whose parents were American slaves,was the first black man to be awarded the V.C.for his role in the Siege of Lucknow during theIndian Rebellion of 1857.• Corporal Filip Konowal, born in Ukraine,showed exceptional courage in the Battle ofHill 70 in 1917, and became the first memberof the Canadian Corps not born in the BritishEmpire to be awarded the V.C.• Flying ace Captain Billy Bishop, born in OwenSound, Ontario, earned the V.C. in the RoyalFlying Corps during the First World War, andwas later an honorary Air Marshal of the RoyalCanadian Air Force.• Captain Paul Triquet of Cabano, Quebec,earned the V.C. leading his men and a handfulof tanks in the attack on Casa Berardi in Italyin 1943 during the Second World War, andwas later a Brigadier.• Lieutenant Robert Hampton Gray, a navy pilotborn in Trail, B.C., was killed while bombingand sinking a Japanese warship in August1945, a few days before the end of the SecondWorld War, and was the last Canadian toreceive the V.C. to date.National Public Holidays and Other Important DatesNew Year’s Day January 1Sir John A. Macdonald Day January 11Good FridayFriday immediately preceding Easter SundayEaster MondayMonday immediately following Easter SundayVimy Day April 9Victoria DayMonday preceding May 25 (Sovereign’s birthday)Fête Nationale (Quebec)June 24 (Feast of St. John the Baptist)Canada Day July 1Labour DayFirst Monday of SeptemberThanksgiving DaySecond Monday of OctoberRemembrance Day November 11Sir Wilfrid Laurier Day November 20Christmas December 25Boxing Day December 26(From Top to Bottom)Air Marshal William A.Bishop, better known asflying ace Billy Bishop,V.C.Lieut. Robert HamptonGray, V.C.Discover Canada41

42Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideCanada’s EconomyA trading nationCanada has always been a trading nation and commerce remains the engine of economic growth. AsCanadians, we could not maintain our standard of living without engaging in trade with other nations.In 1988, Canada enacted free trade with the United States. Mexico became a partner in 1994 in thebroader North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), with over 444 million people and over $1 trillionin merchandise trade in 2008.Today, Canada has one of the ten largest economies in the world and is part of the G8 group of leadingindustrialized countries with the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Japan andRussia.(Above)Lumber truck(From Left to Right)Oil pump jacks insouthern AlbertaAtlantic lobsterHydro-electric dam onthe Saguenay River,QuebecCanada’s economy includesthree main types of industries:• Service industries provide thousands ofdifferent jobs in areas like transportation,education, health care, construction,banking, communications, retail services,tourism and government. More than 75% ofworking Canadians now have jobs in serviceindustries.• Manufacturing industries make productsto sell in Canada and around the world.Manufactured products include paper,high technology equipment, aerospacetechnology, automobiles, machinery, food,clothing and many other goods. Our largestinternational trading partner is the UnitedStates.• Natural resources industries include forestry,fishing, agriculture, mining and energy. Theseindustries have played an important part inthe country’s history and development. Today,the economy of many areas of the country stilldepends on developing natural resources,and a large percentage of Canada’s exportsare natural resources commodities.

The Peace Arch at Blaine, Washington(From Left to Right)Car assembly plant inOakville, OntarioPort of Vancouver(From Left to Right)Research laboratoryRIM’s BlackBerryIce wine grapes, NiagaraRegion, OntarioCanada enjoys close relations with the UnitedStates and each is the other’s largest tradingpartner. Over three-quarters of Canadian exportsare destined for the U.S.A. In fact we have thebiggest bilateral trading relationship in the world.Integrated Canada-U.S.A. supply chains competewith the rest of the world. Canada exports billionsof dollars worth of energy products, industrialgoods, machinery, equipment, automotive,agricultural, fishing and forestry products,and consumer goods every year. Millions ofCanadians and Americans cross every year and insafety what is traditionally known as “the world’slongest undefended border.”At Blaine in the State of Washington, the PeaceArch, inscribed with the words “children ofa common mother” and “brethren dwellingtogether in unity,” symbolizes our close ties andcommon interests.Discover Canada43

44Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideCanada’s RegionsCanada is the second largest country on earth—10 million square kilometres. Three oceans line Canada’sfrontiers: the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and the Arctic Ocean to the north.Along the southern edge of Canada lies the Canada-United States boundary. Both Canada and the U.S.A.are committed to a safe, secure and efficient frontier.The Regions of CanadaCanada includes many different geographicalareas and five distinct regions.• The Atlantic Provinces• Central Canada• The Prairie Provinces• The West Coast• The Northern TerritoriesThe National CapitalOttawa, located on the Ottawa River, was chosenas the capital in 1857 by Queen Victoria, thegreat-great-grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II.Today it is Canada’s fourth largest metropolitanarea. The National Capital Region, 4,700 squarekilometres surrounding Ottawa, preserves andenhances the area’s built heritage and naturalenvironment.Provinces and TerritoriesCanada has ten provinces and three territories.Each province and territory has its own capitalcity. You should know the capital of your provinceor territory as well as that of Canada.PopulationCanada has a population of about 34 millionpeople. While the majority live in cities,Canadians also live in small towns, rural areasand everywhere in between.(from Top to Bottom)Ottawa’s Rideau Canal,once a military waterway,is now a tourist attractionand winter skatewayBanff National Park,Alberta(Right)Peggy’s Cove harbour,Nova Scotia

Region Province/Territory Capital CITYAtlantic ProvincesNewfoundland and Labrador................................................ St. John’sPrince Edward Island............................................................ CharlottetownNova Scotia.......................................................................... HalifaxNew Brunswick..................................................................... FrederictonCentral Canada Quebec ................................................................................ Quebec CityOntario................................................................................. TorontoPrairie ProvincesWest CoastNorthManitoba.............................................................................. WinnipegSaskatchewan...................................................................... ReginaAlberta................................................................................. EdmontonBritish Columbia................................................................... VictoriaNunavut............................................................................... IqaluitNorthwest Territories............................................................ YellowknifeYukon Territory..................................................................... WhitehorseARCTICOCEANBeaufort SeaYukonTerritoryWhitehorsePACIFICOCEANNorthwestTerritoriesYellowknifeNunavutIqaluitHudson StraitBritishColumbiaAlbertaEdmontonManitobaHudson BayLabrador SeaNewfoundlandand LabradorVictoriaSaskatchewanReginaWinnipegUNITED STATES OF AMERICALake SuperiorOntarioOttawaQuebecQuebecPrinceEdwardIslandCharlottetownNewBrunswickNova ScotiaFredericton HalifaxSt. Laurence RiverSt. John’s★ OttawaThe Capital of CanadaLakeMichiganLakeHuronTorontoLakeErieLakeOntarioATLANTICOCEANDiscover Canada45

46Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideThe Atlantic provincesAtlantic Canada’s coasts and natural resources, including fishing, farming, forestry and mining, havemade these provinces an important part of Canada’s history and development. The Atlantic Ocean bringscool winters and cool humid summers.Newfoundland and LabradorNewfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly point in North America and has its own time zone. Inaddition to its natural beauty, the province has a unique heritage linked to the sea. The oldest colony ofthe British Empire and a strategic prize in Canada’s early history, the province has long been known for itsfisheries, coastal fishing villages and distinct culture. Today off-shore oil and gas extraction contributes asubstantial part of the economy. Labrador also has immense hydro-electric resources.Prince Edward IslandPrince Edward Island (P.E.I.) is the smallest province, known for its beaches, red soil and agriculture,especially potatoes. P.E.I. is the birthplace of Confederation, connected to mainland Canada by one ofthe longest continuous multispan bridges in the world, the Confederation Bridge. Anne of Green Gables,set in P.E.I. by Lucy Maud Montgomery, is a much-loved story about the adventures of a little red-headedorphan girl.Nova ScotiaNova Scotia is the most populous Atlantic Province, with a rich history as the gateway to Canada. Knownfor the world’s highest tides in the Bay of Fundy, the province’s identity is linked to shipbuilding, fisheriesand shipping. As Canada’s largest east coast port, deep-water and ice-free, the capital, Halifax, hasplayed an important role in Atlantic trade and defence and is home to Canada’s largest naval base. NovaScotia has a long history of coal mining, forestry and agriculture. Today there is also off-shore oil and gasexploration. The province’s Celtic and Gaelic traditions sustain a vibrant culture. Nova Scotia is home toover 700 annual festivals, including the spectacular military tattoo in Halifax.

New BrunswickSituated in the Appalachian Range, the province was founded by the United Empire Loyalists and hasthe second largest river system on North America’s Atlantic coastline, the St. John River system. Forestry,agriculture, fisheries, mining, food processing and tourism are the principal industries. Saint John isthe largest city, port and manufacturing centre; Moncton is the principal Francophone Acadian centre;and Fredericton, the historic capital. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, and aboutone-third of the population lives and works in French. The province’s pioneer Loyalist and French culturalheritage and history come alive in street festivals and traditional music.Central canadaMore than half the people in Canada live in cities and towns near the Great Lakes and the St. LawrenceRiver in southern Quebec and Ontario, known as Central Canada and the industrial and manufacturingheartland. Southern Ontario and Quebec have cold winters and warm humid summers. Together, Ontarioand Quebec produce more than three-quarters of all Canadian manufactured goods.QuebecNearly eight million people live in Quebec, the vast majority along or near the St. Lawrence River. Morethan three-quarters speak French as their first language. The resources of the Canadian Shield have helpedQuebec to develop important industries, including forestry, energy and mining. Quebec is Canada’s mainproducer of pulp and paper. The province’s huge supply of freshwater has made it Canada’s largestproducer of hydro-electricity. Quebecers are leaders in cutting-edge industries such as pharmaceuticalsand aeronautics. Quebec films, music, literary works and food have international stature, especially inLa Francophonie, an association of French-speaking nations. Montreal, Canada’s second largest city andthe second largest mainly French-speaking city in the world after Paris, is famous for its cultural diversity.Discover Canada47

48Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideOntarioAt more than 12 million, the people of Ontario make up more than one-third of Canadians. The largeand culturally diverse population, natural resources and strategic location contribute to a vital economy.Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the country’s main financial centre. Many people work in theservice or manufacturing industries, which produce a large percentage of Canada’s exports. The Niagararegion is known for its vineyards, wines and fruit crops. Ontario farmers raise dairy and beef cattle, poultry,and vegetable and grain crops. Founded by United Empire Loyalists, Ontario also has the largest Frenchspeakingpopulation outside of Quebec, with a proud history of preserving their language and culture.There are five Great Lakes located between Ontario and the United States: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, LakeHuron, Lake Michigan (in the U.S.A.) and Lake Superior, the largest fresh water lake in the world.The Prairie ProvincesManitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta are the Prairie Provinces, rich in energy resources and some of themost fertile farmland in the world. The region is mostly dry, with cold winters and hot summers.ManitobaManitoba’s economy is based on agriculture, mining and hydro-electric power generation. The province’smost populous city is Winnipeg, whose Exchange District includes the most famous street intersectionin Canada, Portage and Main. Winnipeg’s French Quarter, St. Boniface, has Western Canada’s largestFrancophone community at 45,000. Manitoba is also an important centre of Ukrainian culture, with 14%reporting Ukrainian origins, and the largest Aboriginal population of any province, at over 15%.SaskatchewanSaskatchewan, once known as the “breadbasket of the world” and the “wheat province,” has 40% ofthe arable land in Canada and is the country’s largest producer of grains and oilseeds. It also boaststhe world’s richest deposits of uranium and potash, used in fertilizer, and produces oil and natural gas.Regina, the capital, is home to the training academy of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Saskatoon,the largest city, is the headquarters of the mining industry and an important educational, research andtechnology centre.

AlbertaAlberta is the most populous Prairie province. The province, and the world-famous Lake Louise in theRocky Mountains, were both named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, fourth daughter of QueenVictoria. Alberta has five national parks, including Banff National Park, established in 1885. The ruggedBadlands house some of the world’s richest deposits of prehistoric fossils and dinosaur finds. Alberta isthe largest producer of oil and gas, and the oil sands in the north are being developed as a major energysource. Alberta is also renowned for agriculture, especially for the vast cattle ranches that make Canadaone of the world’s major beef producers.The West CoastBritish Columbia is known for its majestic mountains and as Canada’s Pacific gateway. The Port ofVancouver, Canada’s largest and busiest, handles billions of dollars in goods traded around the world.Warm airstreams from the Pacific Ocean give the B.C. coast a temperate climate.British ColumbiaBritish Columbia (B.C.), on the Pacific coast, is Canada’s western most province, with a population offour million. The Port of Vancouver is our gateway to the Asia-Pacific. About one-half of all the goodsproduced in B.C. are forestry products, including lumber, newsprint, and pulp and paper products—themost valuable forestry industry in Canada. B.C. is also known for mining, fishing, and the fruit orchardsand wine industry of the Okanagan Valley. B.C. has the most extensive park system in Canada, withapproximately 600 provincial parks. The province’s large Asian communities have made Chinese andPunjabi the most spoken languages in the cities after English. The capital, Victoria, is a tourist centre andheadquarters of the navy’s Pacific fleet.Discover Canada49

50Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideThe Northern TerritoriesThe Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon contain one-third of Canada’s land mass but have apopulation of only 100,000. There are gold, lead, copper, diamond and zinc mines. Oil and gas depositsare being developed. The North is often referred to as the “Land of the Midnight Sun” because at theheight of summer, daylight can last up to 24 hours. In winter, the sun disappears and darkness sets in forthree months. The Northern territories have long cold winters and short cool summers. Much of the Northis made up of tundra, the vast rocky Arctic plain. Because of the cold Arctic climate, there are no treeson the tundra and the soil is permanently frozen. Some continue to earn a living by hunting, fishing andtrapping. Inuit art is sold throughout Canada and around the world.YukonThousands of miners came to the Yukon during the Gold Rush of the 1890s, as celebrated in the poetry ofRobert W. Service. Mining remains a significant part of the economy. The White Pass and Yukon Railwayopened from Skagway in neighbouring Alaska to the territorial capital, Whitehorse in 1900 and providesa spectacular tourist excursion across precipitous passes and bridges. Yukon holds the record for thecoldest temperature ever recorded in Canada (-63°C).Mount Logan, located inthe Yukon, is the highestmountain in Canada. Itis named in honour ofSir William Logan, aworld-famous geologist,born in Montreal in 1798to Scottish immigrantparents. Logan foundedand directed theGeological Survey ofCanada from 1842 to1869 and is consideredone of Canada’s greatestscientistsNorthwest TerritoriesThe Northwest Territories (N.W.T.) were originally made up in 1870 from Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory. The capital, Yellowknife (population 20,000), is called the “diamond capital of NorthAmerica.” More than half the population is Aboriginal (Dene, Inuit and Métis). The Mackenzie River, at4,200 kilometres, is the second-longest river system in North America after the Mississippi and drains anarea of 1.8 million square kilometres.

NunavutNunavut, meaning “our land” in Inuktitut, was established in 1999 from the eastern part of the NorthwestTerritories, including all of the former District of Keewatin. The capital is Iqaluit, formerly Frobisher Bay,named after the English explorer Martin Frobisher, who penetrated the uncharted Arctic for QueenElizabeth I in 1576. The 19-member Legislative Assembly chooses a premier and ministers by consensus.The population is about 85% Inuit, and Inuktitut is an official language and the first language in schools.The Canadian RangersCanada’s vast north brings security and sovereignty challenges. Dealing with harsh weather conditionsin an isolated region, the Canadian Rangers, part of the Canadian Forces Reserves (militia), play a keyrole. Drawing on indigenous knowledge and experience, the Rangers travel by snowmobile in the winterand all-terrain vehicles in the summer from Resolute to the Magnetic North Pole, and keep the flag flyingin Canada’s Arctic.(From Left to Right)An Inuit boy in Sanikiluaq, Nunavut, uses a pellet gun to hunt for birdsThe caribou (reindeer) is popular game for hunters and a symbol of Canada’s NorthDiscover Canada51

52Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideStudy QuestionsOne of the basic requirements of citizenship is to demonstrate that you have adequate knowledge ofCanada. The citizenship test is used to assess your knowledge of Canada and the rights and responsibilitiesof being a citizen in Canada.All the citizenship test questions are based on information provided in this study guide. You will be askedabout facts and ideas presented in the guide.The questions below are similar to the questions that are found on the citizenship test. Use thesequestions to prepare for your test. All the answers can be found in this study guide.What are three responsibilities of citizenship?a) Being loyal to Canada, recycling newspapers, serving in the navy, army or air force.b) Obeying the law, taking responsibility for oneself and one’s family, serving on a jury.c) Learning both official languages, voting in elections, belonging to a union.d) Buying Canadian products, owning your own business, using less water.What is the meaning of the Remembrance Day poppy?a) To remember our Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II.b) To celebrate Confederation.c) To honour prime ministers who have died.d) To remember the sacrifice of Canadians who have served or died in wars up to the present day.How are members of Parliament chosen?a) They are appointed by the United Nations.b) They are chosen by the provincial premiers.c) They are elected by voters in their local constituency (riding).d) They are elected by landowners and police chiefs.

other study questionsName two key documents that contain our rights and freedoms.Identify four (4) rights that Canadians enjoy.Name four (4) fundamental freedoms that Canadians enjoy.What is meant by the equality of women and men?What are some examples of taking responsibility for yourself and your family?Who were the founding peoples of Canada?Who are the Métis?What does the word “Inuit” mean?What is meant by the term “responsible government”?Who was Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine?What did the Canadian Pacific Railway symbolize?What does Confederation mean?What is the significance of the discovery of insulin by Sir Frederick Banting and Charles Best?What does it mean to say that Canada is a constitutional monarchy?What are the three branches of government?What is the difference between the role of the Queen and that of the Prime Minister?What is the highest honour that Canadians can receive?When you go to vote on election day, what do you do?Who is entitled to vote in Canadian federal elections?In Canada, are you obliged to tell other people how you voted?After an election, which party forms the government?Who is your member of Parliament?What are the three levels of government?What is the role of the courts in Canada?In Canada, are you allowed to question the police about their service or conduct?Name two Canadian symbols.What provinces are sometimes referred to as the Atlantic Provinces?What is the capital of the province or territory that you live in?Discover Canada53

54Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideFor More InformationCanadian CitizenshipObtain citizenship application information andtake advantage of the many resources that areavailable.By telephoneCall Centre NumberFor all areas within Canada,call 1-888-242-2100 (toll-free).OnlineVisit the Citizenship and Immigration websiteat www.cic.gc.ca. Discover Canada can bedownloaded from this website.Citizenship classes• Contact schools and colleges in your area.• Go to your local library or community centre.• Contact local settlement agencies orethnocultural associations.CanadaAsk a librarian to help you find books andvideos about Canada. You could begin byasking for these books:The Canada Yearbook(published by Statistics Canada)Canada: A Portrait(published by Statistics Canada)How Canadians Govern Themselves(written by Eugene Forsey. It can be foundonline at the Library of Parliament atwww.parl.gc.ca)The Canadian Encyclopedia(including The Youth Encyclopedia of Canada)www.thecanadianencyclopedia.comThe Story of Canada(written by Janet Lunn and Christopher Moore,published by Lester Publishing Ltd.)Symbols of Canada(published by Canadian Heritage)A Crown of Maples(published by Canadian Heritage)Canada: A People’s History(Canadian Broadcasting Corporation)Canada’s History(published by Canada’s National HistorySociety)Kayak: Canada’s History Magazine for Kids(published by Canada’s National HistorySociety)Federal Programs and ServicesYou can obtain information about Canada bytelephone or on the Internet:Telephone:1-800-O-Canada (1 800 622-6232) (toll-free)1-800-465-7735 – TTY (toll-free)Internet:The Government of Canada website containsinformation about many government programsand services. It can be found at www.canada.gc.ca.

Other websites of interest that provide information on topics found in this guideAbout CanadaThe Crown and the Governor Generalwww.gg.caCanadian Heritagewww.pch.gc.caAtlas of Canadahttp://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/index.htmlTeachers & Youth Cornerwww.cic.gc.ca/english/games/index.aspParks Canadawww.parkscanada.gc.caInstitute for Canadian Citizenshipwww.icc-icc.caThe Historica-Dominion Institutewww.historica-dominion.caThe Canadian Experience—A Civic LiteracyProject for the New Mainstreamwww.cdnexperience.caCanadian HistoryCanadian Confederationwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/index-e.htmlConfederation for Kidswww.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/kids/index-e.htmlFirst Among Equals: The Prime Minister inCanadian Life and Politicswww.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministersMilitary History and RemembranceA Day of Remembrancewww.vac-acc.gc.ca/content/history/other/remember/dayremembrance.pdfHeroes and Poppies –An Introduction to RemembranceAvailable in hard copy version only. Order at:https://crorders-commandescss.vac-acc.gc.ca/order.php?m=item_list&c=EducationKitsCanada Rememberswww.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/infosheetsHistorical bookletswww.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/seriesGovernmentParliament of Canadawww.parl.gc.caI Can Vote!www.elections.ca/content_youth.asp?section=yth&dir=res/gen/can&document=index&lang=e&textonly=falseCanada’s System of Justicewww.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/justGeographyGeography Quizzeshttp://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/quizzes/index.htmlVirtual Museum of Canadawww.virtualmuseum.caCanadian War Museumwww.warmuseum.caCanadian Black Historywww.cic.gc.ca/english/games/museum/main.aspDiscover Canada55

56Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideFor a “Greener” CanadaSustainable Developmentwww.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/strat/sdd-sds-2007/index_e.aspBeing Energy Efficientwww.nrcan.gc.ca/eneene/effeff/index-eng.phpGetting InvolvedVolunteer Canadawww.volunteer.caVolunteer opportunities related to theenvironmentwww.ec.gc.ca/education/default.asp?lang=En&n=0FD21FB8-1Travel in CanadaNewfoundland and Labradorwww.newfoundlandlabrador.comPrince Edward Islandwww.gentleisland.comNew Brunswickwww.tourismnewbrunswick.caQuebecwww.bonjourquebec.comOntariowww.ontariotravel.netManitobawww.travelmanitoba.comSaskatchewanwww.sasktourism.comAlbertawww.travelalberta.comBritish Columbiawww.hellobc.comNunavutwww.nunavuttourism.comNorthwest Territorieswww.spectacularnwt.comYukon Territorywww.travelyukon.comNova Scotiawww.novascotia.comThe Confederation Bridgejoins the provinces ofNew Brunswick andPrince Edward Island. Atalmost 13 kilometres inlength, the bridge is thelongest in the world tocross water that freezesin winter

AcknowledgmentsGovernment of Canada Departmentsand AgenciesCanadian HeritageCanadian Human Rights CommissionCitizenship and Immigration CanadaOffice of the Commissioner of Official LanguagesElections CanadaEnvironment CanadaIndian and Northern Affairs CanadaIndustry CanadaJustice CanadaLibrary and Archives CanadaLibrary of ParliamentNatural Resources CanadaParks CanadaVeterans Affairs CanadaOrganizationsCanada’s National History SocietyFédération des communautés francophoneset acadienne du Canada (FCFA)The Historica-Dominion InstituteInstitute for Canadian CitizenshipIndividualsDr. Janet AjzenstatMr. Curtis BarlowDr. Randy BoyagodaMr. Marc ChalifouxGeneral John de ChastelainThe Rt. Hon. Adrienne ClarksonMr. Andrew CohenMr. Alex ColvilleMs. Ann DadsonDr. Xavier GélinasDr. Jack GranatsteinMr. Rudyard GriffithsDr. Lynda HaverstockDr. Peter HenshawDr. D. Michael JacksonSenator Serge JoyalDr. Margaret MacMillanDr. Christopher McCreeryMr. James MarshFr. Jacques Monet, SJDr. Jim MillerMs. Deborah MorrisonDr. Desmond MortonMr. Bernard PothierMr. Colin RobertsonDr. John Ralston SaulDiscover Canada57

58Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuidePhoto CreditsPage Photo Description Photo CreditCover The Canadarm2 Canadian Space AgencyCanadian War VeteranCanadian Forces Combat CameraMaster Corporal Frank HudecMooseOntario TourismParliament HillStock imageSalon bleu (blue hall)Quebec National AssemblyCanoeing on the Rideau CanalCanadian Tourism CommissionInside Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of CanadaCanadian HeritageCover Taking the oath of citizenshipCitizenship and Immigration CanadaPage 3 Family Stock imageParliament HillCanadian Tourism CommissionBoy holding Canadian flagsStock imagePage 4 Bay of Fundy Trail, New Brunswick Canadian Tourism CommissionThe Arches Provincial Park,Canadian Tourism CommissionNewfoundland and LabradorKensington Market, Toronto, OntarioCanadian Tourism CommissionCanada Day parade in Banff, AlbertaTown of BanffVillage Historique Acadien, New Brunswick Canadian Tourism CommissionEsgenoopetitj First NationCanadian Tourism Commission(Burnt Church First Nation) New BrunswickPage 5 Kayak, Iceberg Alley, Newfoundland and Labrador Canadian Tourism CommissionEagle Canyon Bridge, OntarioCanadian Tourism CommissionPage 6 Taking the Oath of Citizenship Citizenship and Immigration CanadaTaking the Oath of CitizenshipCitizenship and Immigration CanadaTaking the Oath of CitizenshipMaRS Discovery DistrictPage 7 Canadian Passport Passport CanadaBoy at citizenship ceremonyCitizenship and Immigration CanadaCitizenship Judge and MountieCitizenship and Immigration CanadaFamily at citizenship ceremonyCitizenship and Immigration CanadaPage 8 Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada Library and Archives Canada PA-141503Page 9 Woman donating blood Stock imageChildren’s programDebbie FarnandMan and womanStock imageCanadian Army General and Navy sailor shaking National DefencehandsCanadian Air Force Pilot National Defence –Master Corporal John BradleyCanadian Forces participating in the annualNijmegen Marches in the NetherlandsCanadian Forces Combat CameraMaster Corporal Robert Bottrill

Page 10 Métis from Alberta Fred CattrollPage 11Cree dancerInuit children in Iqaluit, NunavutHaida artist Bill Reid carves a totem poleLord Tweedsmuir, Governor General of Canada(novelist John Buchan), in native attireSt. Patrick’s Day Parade, Montreal, QuebecHighland dancer at GlengarryHighland Games, Maxville, OntarioCelebrating Fête Nationale, Gatineau, QuebecAcadian fiddler, Village of Grande-Anse,New BrunswickFred CattrollFred CattrollChris HopkinsLibrary and Archives Canada – Yousuf Karsh(Year of the Portrait)Jimmy JamesMario GroleauPatrick GuillotCanadian Tourism CommissionPage 12 Celebration of Cultures, Edmonton, Alberta Canadian Tourism CommissionIsmaili Muslims in the Calgary Stampede, Alberta Ismaili CouncilCaribbean cultural festival, Toronto, Ontario Ontario TourismUkrainian Pysanka Festival, Vegreville, Alberta Vegreville and District Chamber of CommerceYoung Polish dancers in Oliver, British Columbia Stock imagePipes and drums in OttawaNational Defence – Corporal Bern LeBlancPage 13 Winter fun in Whistler, British Columbia Canadian Tourism CommissionKids playing hockey in the streetPaul ChambersSailing, Toronto HarbourCanadian Tourism CommissionCadets white-water raftingCadets CanadaChristmas in Gatineau, QuebecRob WiebeChinese-Canadian War VeteransChinese Canadian Military Museum SocietyNotre-Dame-des-Victoires, Quebec CityStock imageChinese New Year celebration,Paul ClarkeVancouver, British ColumbiaOlympian Marjorie Turner-Bailey of Nova Scotia The Black Loyalist Heritage SocietyPage 14 Indian encampment, fur trade era Library and Archives Canada C-040293John CabotOil on canvas by Ernest BoardBristol’s City Museum and Art GalleryJacques Cartier Library and Archives Canada C-011226Page 15 Count Frontenac Library and Archives Canada C-073710Pierre Le MoyneLouisiana State MuseumSir Guy Carleton Library and Archives Canada C-002833Page 16 The first elected Assembly of Lower Canada, Collection of the National Assembly of Quebecin Quebec CityLieutenant Colonel John Graves Simcoe,Library and Archives Canada C-008111Upper Canada’s first Lieutenant GovernorMary Ann (Shadd) Carey Library and Archives Canada C-029977Discover Canada59

60Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuidePage 17HMS Shannon, a Royal Navy frigate,leads the captured USS Chesapeakeinto Halifax harbour, 1813Nova Scotia Archives and RecordsManagement N-2301 & CN-1139Major General Sir Isaac Brock and Chief Tecumseh Library and Archives Canada C-011052French-Canadian militiaman illustrationMilitiaman, Lower Canada Sedentary Militia,1813 G.A. Embleton, © Parks CanadaDuke of WellingtonPublic DomainLaura Secord Canada PostPage 18 The Fathers of Confederation House of Commons Collection, Ottawa(Artist – Rex Woods)Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine Library and Archives Canada C-005961Dominion of Canada one-dollar note, 1923 National Currency CollectionCurrency Museum, Bank of CanadaPage 19 Sir John A. Macdonald, the firstLibrary and Archives Canada C-006536Prime Minister of the Dominion of CanadaInterior of Old Fort GarryShaun Mayberry. Mayberry Fine ArtSir Sam SteeleLibrary and Archives Canada PA-028147Gabriel DumontLibrary and Archives Canada PA-117943Page 20 Members of the train crew poseCanadian Pacific Archives A17566with a westbound Pacific ExpressChinese workers’ camp on the CPR,Library and Archives Canada C-021990Kamloops, B.C., 1886.Page 21 Sergeant, Fort Garry Horse,Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1916.Department of National Defenceand Canadian ForcesLieutenant-General Sir Arthur Currie, 1919Sir William Newenham Montague OrpenCWM19710261-0539Beaverbrook Collection of War Art© Canadian War MuseumMaple leaf cap badge from the First World War Maple leaf cap badgeCWM 19820048-001© Canadian War MuseumThe Vimy Memorial in FranceCanadian Forces Combat CameraSergeant Jerry KeanAgnes Macphail Library and Archives Canada C-006908Nursing sisterRichard MathewsCWM 19710261-6070Beaverbrook Collection of War Art© Canadian War MuseumPage 22 Canadian soldiers observe Remembrance Day Canadian Forces Combat CameraMaster Corporal Robert BottrillRemembrance Day poppyStock imageCanadian war veteranCanadian Forces Combat CameraMaster Corporal Frank HudecScouts with Remembrance Day wreathPatrick TamPhil EdwardsLibrary and Archives Canada PA-150992

Page 23The 1st Battalion, The Regina Rifle Regiment,Assault Landing at Courseulles, France, June 1944.Give, The Canadian Red CrossRoyal Regina Rifles Trust FundPainting by O.N. Fisher, 1950Archibald Bruce StapletonCWM 19720114-023© Canadian War MuseumPage 24 Toronto business district Stock imageMedical researcherStock imagePage 25 Vietnamese-Canadians Alex PylyshynF-86 Sabre, Royal Canadian Air Force National DefenceCirque du SoleilPhoto: OSA ImagesCostume: Marie-Chantale Vaillancourt@ 2007 Cirque du SoleilThe Jack Pine, 1916-1917Tom Thomson painting © National Gallery ofCanada, OttawaPage 26 Donovan Bailey COC/The Canadian Press/Claus AndersenChantal PetitclercCanadian Paralympic Committee/ BenoitPelosseTerry FoxEd LinkewichWayne GretzkyThe Canadian Press – Mike RidewoodMark TewksburyThe Canadian Press – Ted GrantPaul HendersonAdaptation by Henry Garman for the Power toChange Campaign, 2008Catriona Le May DoanThe Canadian PressCanadian footballThe Saskatchewan RoughridersPage 27 The Canadarm2 Canadian Space AgencySir Frederick BantingLibrary and Archives Canada PA-123481Page 28 Queen Elizabeth II opening the 23rd Parliament Photograph by Malak, Ottawa(1957)Parliament HillStock imagePage 29 His Excellency The Right Honourable David Sun MediaJohnstonPage 30 House of Commons chamber Parliament of CanadaPage 31 House of Commons in session House of CommonsPage 32 Voter Information Card Elections CanadaPage 33 Provincial Assembly at Charlottetown, PEI Government of Prince Edward IslandPage 35 Quebec City Hall Stacey M. WarnkePage 36 Scales of Justice, Vancouver Law Courts Citizenship and Immigration CanadaBorder guard with sniffer dogCanada Border Services AgencyPage 37 Jury benches Dan CarrOttawa police constable helping a young boy atthe Aboriginal Day FlotillaHandcuffsOttawa Police ServiceConstable Steve Lewis Jacob BrownCorrectional Services CanadaDiscover Canada61

62Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuidePage 38 Mace of the House of Commons, Ottawa House of Commons CollectionOttawa Goldsmiths & Silversmiths Company(Great Britain)Canadian flag of 1965Stock imageThe Royal Arms of CanadaBank of CanadaParliament at duskStock imageThe SnowbirdsNational DefenceThe Red EnsignPatrick Riley, Dominion Command, The RoyalCanadian LegionPage 39 Montreal Canadiens, Stanley Cup champions, CHC – Denis Brodeur1978RCMP Musical Ride, Ottawa, OntarioPatrick GuillotThe beaverStock imagePage 40 Oscar Peterson Oscar Peterson, Norah Willis Michener andGovernor General Roland Michener, 1973John Evans / Library and Archives Canada /e002107535-v6Page 41 Colonel Alexander Roberts Dunn, V.C. Sharif TarabayAble Seaman William Hall, V.C.© 2010 Canada PostBrig. Paul Triquet, V.C.Adam Sherriff ScottCWM 19710261-5841Beaverbrook Collection of War Art© Canadian War MuseumSgt. Filip Konowal, V.C.Arthur Ambrose McEvoyCWM 19710261-6070Beaverbrook Collection of War Art© Canadian War MuseumHonorary Air Marshal William Avery Bishop, V.C.,DSO and Bar, MC, DFCAlphonse JongersCWM 19680068-001 BeaverbrookCollection of War Art © Canadian War MuseumSharif TarabayLieut. Robert Hampton Gray, V.C.Page 42 Lumber truck Stock imageOil pump jacks in southern AlbertaStock imageAtlantic lobsterStock imageHydro-electric dam on the Saguenay River, Quebec Stock imageToronto’s financial districtCitizenship and Immigration CanadaPage 43 The Peace Arch at Blaine, Washington Leo ChenCar assembly plant in Oakville, OntarioFord of CanadaPort of VancouverEvan LeesonResearch laboratoryThe Canadian Press – Darryl DyckRIM’s BlackBerryStock imageIce wine grapes, Niagara Region, OntarioStock image

Page 44 Ottawa’s Rideau Canal Stock imageBanff National ParkPeggy’s Cove harbourStock imageStock imagePage 46 “The Edge,” Newfoundland and Labrador Canadian Tourism CommissionMoosePoint Prim, Prince Edward IslandOntario TourismAnne of Green Gables, Prince Edward Island Smudge 9000Destroyer HMCS Athabasca (DD282), in theforeground, and HMCS Toronto (FF333) sailthrough Halifax Harbour on February 17, 2009, foran annual sailpastCabot Trail, Nova ScotiaCanadian Tourism CommissionCanadian Forces Combat CameraPrivate Martin RoyStock imagePage 47 Hopewell Rocks, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick Canadian Tourism CommissionWhaleCanadian Tourism CommissionRocher PercéStock imagePetit Champlain, Quebec CityStock imagePage 48 Muskoka Skeleton Lake, Ontario Ontario TourismToronto skylineStock imagePisew Falls, ManitobaStock imageGolden Boy statueGovernment of ManitobaWheat fields in SaskatchewanStock imageCoronach, SaskatchewanCanadian Tourism CommissionPage 49 Alberta rancher Stock imageAlberta oil pump jackStock imageVancouver skylineStock imageOrcaStock imagePage 50 Family searching for gold, Dawson City, Yukon Canadian Tourism CommissionTakhini Hot Springs Road, YukonCanadian Tourism CommissionSir William LoganNatural Resources CanadaMount LoganNatural Resources CanadaNorthern lights, Northwest TerritoriesCanadian Tourism CommissionPolar bearStock imagePage 51 Pangnirtung, Nunavut Lindsay TerryInukshuk, NunavutStock imageThe Canadian RangersNational DefenceAn Inuit boy in Sanikiluaq, NunavutClarkework Orange PhotographyThe caribou (reindeer)David CartierPage 56 Confederation Bridge Stephen DownesPage 66 Sir Wilfrid Laurier Library and Archives Canada c001971Page 66 John Diefenbaker Library and Archives Canada c006779Inside BackCover2010 men’s hockey Olympic gold medal winners Getty ImagesDiscover Canada63

64Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideAuthoritiesSection 5 of the Citizenship Act5. (1) The Minister shall grant citizenship to any person who:(e) has an adequate knowledge of Canada and the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship.Section 15 of the Citizenship RegulationsKNOWLEDGE OF CANADA AND CITIZENSHIP CRITERIA15. (1) A person is considered to have an adequate knowledge of Canada if they demonstrate, based ontheir responses to questions prepared by the Minister, that they know the national symbols of Canadaand have a general understanding of the following subjects:(a) the chief characteristics of Canadian political and military history;(b) the chief characteristics of Canadian social and cultural history;(c) the chief characteristics of Canadian physical and political geography;(d) the chief characteristics of the Canadian system of government as a constitutional monarchy; and(e) characteristics of Canada other than those referred to in paragraphs (a) to (d).(2) A person is considered to have an adequate knowledge of the responsibilities and privileges ofcitizenship if they demonstrate, based on their responses to questions prepared by the Minister, thatthey have a general understanding of the following subjects:(a)participation in the Canadian democratic process;(b)participation in Canadian society, including volunteerism, respect for the environment and theprotection of Canada’s natural, cultural and architectural heritage;(c) respect for the rights, freedoms and obligations set out in the laws of Canada; and(d) the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship other than those referred to in paragraphs (a) to (c).

NotesDiscover Canada65

66Your Canadian Citizenship Study GuideMemorable Quotes“For here [in Canada],I want the marble to remain the marble;the granite to remain the granite;the oak to remain the oak;and out of these elements,I would build a nation great among the nations of the world.”— Sir Wilfrid Laurier7 th Prime Minister of CanadaJuly 11, 1896 – October 6, 1911“I am a Canadian,free to speak without fear,free to worship in my own way,free to stand for what I think right,free to oppose what I believe wrong,or free to choose thosewho shall govern my country.This heritage of freedomI pledge to upholdfor myself and all mankind.”— John Diefenbaker13 th Prime Minister of CanadaJune 21, 1957 – April 22, 1963These quotes are not included the print version of Discover Canadaand they do not currently need to be learned for the citizenship test.

Discover CanadaTeam Canada won goldin men’s hockey at the2010 Winter Olympics inVancouver

Discover Canada