searchable PDF - Association for Mexican Cave Studies
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14AMCS Bulletin 12the Xibun Archaeological Project, the Maya MountainsArchaeological Project, the former PetexbatúnRegional Cave Survey, and the talented group of cavearchaeologists in the graduate program at CaliforniaState University, Los Angeles.I would like to thank a number people at UCR fortheir moral support over the years: Paul Gelles, ErvTaylor, Maria Anna González, Travis Du Bry, GinaNuñez, Manolo González Estay, Ramona Pérez, AlisonLee, and Zachary Hruby. Dawn Whelchel and JoyeSage deserve honorary Ph.D.s for their hard work andtheir very real contributions to the viability of the department.Thanks also to Jessica Jones, Valerie Smith,and the new department chair, Tom Patterson. Allgraduate students at UCR are fortunate to have TrinaElerts behind the desk at Graduate Division. Her kindassistance is greatly appreciated.Since I submitted my dissertation to UCR in Septemberof 2001, I have had the good fortune of forgingnew friendships and benefiting from those formedduring the final phase of my graduate career. Althoughthey may not have been directly involved in my dissertationfieldwork, I feel that these individuals neverthelessmerit recognition since it is their involvementin my current research that has maintained theacademic momentum necessary to bring this manuscriptto print. In this regard, I would first like to thankJeffrey Glover, who has become one of my closestfriends and colleagues. Jeffrey and I have taken onlyour first few steps on what will surely be a long andexciting (and probably perilous) brecha through ourarchaeological careers. I have the ever-intrepid SamMeacham to thank for my recent introduction to theunderwater caves of Quintana Roo. I look forward tosomeday following my close friend Guillermo de Andainto the cenotes of Yucatán and I thank Alberto PérezRomero and the rest of the Taller de ArqueologíaSubacuatica at the UADY for their hospitality andsupport. I would like to acknowledge Pilar Luna,Carmen Rojas, Octavio del Río, and Arturo Gonzálezof the Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática deINAH for showing interest in my research and extendingthe invitation of future collaboration. Specialthanks also to Karina Romero, Lilia Lizama, TonyAndrews, Jim Coke, Bil Phillips, Fred Devos, andDanny Riordan.My dissertation appears here in its final formthanks to the tireless efforts of Bill Mixon. As publicationseditor for the Association for Mexican CaveStudies, Bill has brought the world of Mexican cavesand caving to researchers and explorers across geographicand academic borders. It was a pleasure workingwith Bill as he applied his keen eye and commitmentto excellence to an otherwise imperfect manuscript.I am truly honored to have my dissertation includedamong the many outstanding AMCS Bulletins.I offer my deepest thanks to my parents, Bob andMarianne, my sisters, Evelyne and Natalia, my brother,Bobby, and also to Norm, Darcy, Jason, and Mike.Every day I am humbled by their love, encouragement,and support. My father has instilled in me the reverence,awe, curiosity, and wanderlust that have takenme to this point in my life, and my mother’s specialbalance of compassion and determination is somethingI always strive for. The recent arrival of my son,Lorenzo, marks a new chapter in my life and I preparedmy thoughts on this final culmination of mygraduate career while under his blissful gaze.Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Zoë,to whom this dissertation is dedicated. The nature ofmy boundless appreciation is very personal. I will onlysay that this accomplishment belongs to both of us.
AMCS Bulletin 12 15ABSTRACTFor the ancient Maya of the northwestern Yucatán Peninsula, caves andcenotes either functioned as the primary sources of drinking water or wereseasonally used as last resorts when all other reserves were exhausted. Thesewatery portals, which were imbued with sacred qualities, are as much apart of the cultural identity of the northern lowlands as they are integralcomponents of the enigmatic karst landscape. Unlike the northwesternpeninsula, a range of readily available freshwater sources including wetlandsand numerous small cenotes characterizes an inland portion of QuintanaRoo located in the northeastern corner of the Yucatán Peninsula. This largelyunstudied area, known as the Yalahau region, also exhibits evidence ofextensive ancient settlement.Given the relative abundance and accessibility of surface water innorthern Quintana Roo, an archaeological cave survey was designed toevaluate the nature and extent of cave use in the Yalahau region. The primarygoal was to determine whether or not caves were reserved for ceremonialactivities and if so, whether evidence of their specialized appropriationcould be identified. The secondary goal was to assess the extent to whichthe archaeology of the caves in the region could provide functional andchronological information regarding both regional settlement and theorganization of the sacred landscape. If water can be easily procured at thesurface of the Yalahau region, one would expect evidence of its collectionfrom caves to be characteristic of more ceremonial behavior. Moreover, ifremote sources of cave water were especially valued, evidence of theirexploitation should be observable even in areas where more accessible watersources exist. Additionally, we should be able to identify those naturalspeleological characteristics that contributed to cave selection as well asinfluenced the spatial manipulation of the cave environment.Between 1996 and 1999, twenty caves of archaeological interest wereinvestigated in the Yalahau region. Research demonstrates that caves areneither the only nor the most accessible means of water collection in theYalahau region, yet their modification is indicative of the reverentialappropriation of cave water. This study articulates the relationships betweencaves and surface sites and reveals how the ancient Maya conceptualized,transformed, and interacted with caves in region.
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14AMCS Bulletin 12the Xibun Archaeological Project, the Maya MountainsArchaeological Project, the <strong>for</strong>mer PetexbatúnRegional <strong>Cave</strong> Survey, and the talented group of cavearchaeologists in the graduate program at Cali<strong>for</strong>niaState University, Los Angeles.I would like to thank a number people at UCR <strong>for</strong>their moral support over the years: Paul Gelles, ErvTaylor, Maria Anna González, Travis Du Bry, GinaNuñez, Manolo González Estay, Ramona Pérez, AlisonLee, and Zachary Hruby. Dawn Whelchel and JoyeSage deserve honorary Ph.D.s <strong>for</strong> their hard work andtheir very real contributions to the viability of the department.Thanks also to Jessica Jones, Valerie Smith,and the new department chair, Tom Patterson. Allgraduate students at UCR are <strong>for</strong>tunate to have TrinaElerts behind the desk at Graduate Division. Her kindassistance is greatly appreciated.Since I submitted my dissertation to UCR in Septemberof 2001, I have had the good <strong>for</strong>tune of <strong>for</strong>gingnew friendships and benefiting from those <strong>for</strong>medduring the final phase of my graduate career. Althoughthey may not have been directly involved in my dissertationfieldwork, I feel that these individuals neverthelessmerit recognition since it is their involvementin my current research that has maintained theacademic momentum necessary to bring this manuscriptto print. In this regard, I would first like to thankJeffrey Glover, who has become one of my closestfriends and colleagues. Jeffrey and I have taken onlyour first few steps on what will surely be a long andexciting (and probably perilous) brecha through ourarchaeological careers. I have the ever-intrepid SamMeacham to thank <strong>for</strong> my recent introduction to theunderwater caves of Quintana Roo. I look <strong>for</strong>ward tosomeday following my close friend Guillermo de Andainto the cenotes of Yucatán and I thank Alberto PérezRomero and the rest of the Taller de ArqueologíaSubacuatica at the UADY <strong>for</strong> their hospitality andsupport. I would like to acknowledge Pilar Luna,Carmen Rojas, Octavio del Río, and Arturo Gonzálezof the Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática deINAH <strong>for</strong> showing interest in my research and extendingthe invitation of future collaboration. Specialthanks also to Karina Romero, Lilia Lizama, TonyAndrews, Jim Coke, Bil Phillips, Fred Devos, andDanny Riordan.My dissertation appears here in its final <strong>for</strong>mthanks to the tireless ef<strong>for</strong>ts of Bill Mixon. As publicationseditor <strong>for</strong> the <strong>Association</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Mexican</strong> <strong>Cave</strong><strong>Studies</strong>, Bill has brought the world of <strong>Mexican</strong> cavesand caving to researchers and explorers across geographicand academic borders. It was a pleasure workingwith Bill as he applied his keen eye and commitmentto excellence to an otherwise imperfect manuscript.I am truly honored to have my dissertation includedamong the many outstanding AMCS Bulletins.I offer my deepest thanks to my parents, Bob andMarianne, my sisters, Evelyne and Natalia, my brother,Bobby, and also to Norm, Darcy, Jason, and Mike.Every day I am humbled by their love, encouragement,and support. My father has instilled in me the reverence,awe, curiosity, and wanderlust that have takenme to this point in my life, and my mother’s specialbalance of compassion and determination is somethingI always strive <strong>for</strong>. The recent arrival of my son,Lorenzo, marks a new chapter in my life and I preparedmy thoughts on this final culmination of mygraduate career while under his blissful gaze.Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Zoë,to whom this dissertation is dedicated. The nature ofmy boundless appreciation is very personal. I will onlysay that this accomplishment belongs to both of us.