II Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

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Conformational Isomers: Isomers that differ as a result of the degree ofrotation around a carbon-carbon single bondLet us take Ethane as an example to describe alkane conformation:Conformation or orientations of alkanes can be expressed using several differentmethods:A) Sawshorse Diagram: A way of representing conformational isomers withstick drawingsB) Newman Projection: A way of representing conformational isomers usingan end-on projection of a carbon-carbon bondEclipsed: Conformation around a carbon-carbon single bond in which attachedatoms are as close together as possibleStaggered: Conformation around a carbon-carbon single bond in which attachedatoms are as far apart as possibleTorsional or Dihedral Angle: Angle between the bonds in the Newman Projection4
Example 1,2-Dibromoethane:Q1: Which of these structures is the most stable <strong>and</strong> why:Example Butane:- Staggered most stable.- Two possibilities, Anti <strong>and</strong> Gauche5
Page 2 and 3: 2.1.1 Isomers, Nomenclature, and Co
Page 6 and 7: 2.1.2 Cycloalkanes• Cyclic struct
Page 8 and 9: Substituted CycloalkanesBulky subst
Page 10 and 11: Example Methane:How to control the
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 Alkenes and Alkynes• Alkene:
Page 14 and 15: Examples:How to determine the group
Page 16 and 17: Mechanism:What about the orientatio
Page 18 and 19: Examples:18
Page 20 and 21: • Mechanism for the Addition of H
Page 22 and 23: • Addition reactions in Polymer C
Page 24 and 25: 2.4 Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes
Page 26 and 27: Orbital considerations of allylic c
Page 28: Summary of Chapter 2:AlkenesNomencl

II Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

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