Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa ... - infoDev

More documents

Recommendations

Info

concluded that, in West Africa’s single-channel systems (which to that time hadbeen far more successful than systems in Anglophone countries), “privatizationof input distribution . . . should be considered only with the greatest caution,due to the need to link distribution with credit and output marketing” (Lele,Van de Walle, and Gbetiobouo 1989: 31). This review further cautioned aboutthe potential “collapse of the cotton industry in francophone Africa” if researchand extension were moved out of existing single-channel systems withoutviable alternative institutional approaches to ensuring the continuity of theseactivities. Within Francophone African countries, one important basis foropposition to reform has been fears that input credit and extension would beundermined.In both the subsidies debate and the debate on structural reform of cottonsectors, little attention has been paid to countries of East and Southern Africa(ESA). Yet production in ESA has been growing steadily, and reached nearlyhalf a million tons of lint in 2004/05. Serious structural reform of cotton sectorsin ESA, including the elimination of existing single-channel systems,began in the early 1990s and much has been learned about the process. Reformin countries of WCA has been slower for a number of reasons: the single-channelsystems were very strongly established in many WCA countries; stakeholderscould point to substantial successes in addition to clear and mounting problems;and the sheer number of farmers involved—and the size of the publiccompanies serving them—made reform difficult from political, social, andcommercial perspectives. The developed-world subsidies referred to earlieralso fueled internal resistance to reform. Yet nearly all countries in WCA havemade substantial incremental changes in their systems, and some have undertaken(or will soon undertake) structural reforms. To date, few attempts havebeen made systematically to bring together and assess reform experience fromboth regions of the continent. This analytical gap, and the potential benefitsfrom such an exercise, provides the fundamental rationale for this study. 7This comparative analysis is based on detailed case studies in nine countriesof ESA and WCA: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Mali in WCA; andMozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in ESA (figure 1.1).During the period 2004–08, these countries produced an average of 0.98 milliontons and accounted for 70 percent of SSA’s cotton production (1.35 milliontons during that period). In 2005/06, the nine countries in the sample togetherproduced more than 1 million tons of cotton lint, the majority of which wasexported. This figure represents 60 percent of total African production and 68percent of SSA production. The four WCA countries accounted for 70 percentof total production of countries in our sample in 2005/06. 8 Figure 1.2 showsaverage cotton production for major African cotton producers during 2004–08(including the nine countries analyzed in this study).Each case study involved a literature review plus a two-week visit to thecountry 9 by researchers who already had several years of experience in the sector.In addition to compiling standard information on the historical background,6 DAVID TSCHIRLEY
Figure 1.1 Map of Africa Highlighting Study Countries of WCA and ESATunisiaMoroccoAlgeriaLibyaArab Rep.of EgyptSenegalThe GambiaGuinea-BissauSierraLeoneLiberiaMauritaniaGuineaMaliBurkinaFasoCôte d’Ivoire GhanaNigerNigeriaBeninTogoEquatorialGuineaCameroonGabonChadRep. of CongoCentral AfricanRepublicDem. Rep. ofCongoSudanEritreaEthiopiaKenyaTanzaniaUgandaSomaliaRwandaBurundiMalawiAngolaNamibiaBotswanaZambiaZimbabweMozambiqueMadagascarS. AfricaLesothoSwazilandSource: Authors.recent changes, and current organization of the sector in each country, the casestudies shared three key characteristics that heavily influenced the content ofthis comparative report. First, each provided a detailed overview of the institutionalarrangements in place for key sector services, such as input credit,research, and extension; lint marketing and quality maintenance; and seed cottonpricing. Especially in ESA, the diversity of approaches to these challengesprovides great scope for learning. Second, each study developed disaggregatedbudgets for representative ginners, allowing this analysis to conduct a detailedcomparison of the level and structure of ginning costs in each country. Third,each study—except Benin and Cameroon—used a comparable focus groupapproach to develop detailed farm-level budgets for a range of cotton farmertypes. Focusing on the diversity of farm types, behavior, and performance atthe farm level provides important insights into cotton’s contribution toINTRODUCTION 7
Page 1: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTOr
Page 4 and 5: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTSe
Page 6 and 7: © 2009 The International Bank for
Page 8 and 9: Section II. Historical Background a
Page 11 and 12: BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLESBoxes2.1
Page 13: 5.2 Summary of Pricing Mechanisms i
Page 16 and 17: eference are limited to neighboring
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was carri
Page 21 and 22: ABBREVIATIONS¢ U.S. centACPAgricul
Page 23: US$U shWAEMUWCAWTOU.S. dollarUganda
Page 26 and 27: output markets, improving productiv
Page 28 and 29: etween these competing needs, provi
Page 30 and 31: ■■■■■competition increase
Page 32 and 33: monopolies range from 0.98 to 1.15,
Page 34 and 35: macroeconomics, developments in com
Page 36 and 37: central body and that the state nee
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER ONEIntroductionDavid Tschir
Page 41: The debate about how to deal with t
Page 45: hypotheses about sector performance
Page 48 and 49: to reach 25 million tons of lint in
Page 50 and 51: cotton production was introduced in
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.2 Nominal Cotton Prices (U
Page 54 and 55: Box 2.1 (Continued)Togo, 39 percent
Page 56 and 57: Box 2.2 Cotton SubsidiesCotton subs
Page 58 and 59: efers specifically to the presence
Page 60 and 61: picking, storage, handling, or tran
Page 62 and 63: national monopoly (state-owned or p
Page 65: SECTION TWOHistorical Background an
Page 68 and 69: shares belonging to governments, an
Page 70 and 71: Changes Made Since the End of the 1
Page 72 and 73: long-term development strategies, (
Page 74 and 75: possible link between price-setting
Page 76 and 77: production fell further, to lows of
Page 78 and 79: all aspects of the chain from input
Page 80 and 81: suggestions (a) of establishing fas
Page 82 and 83: Figure 4.1 Decision Tree for Cotton
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2 African Cotton Sector Ty
Page 86 and 87: Box 4.1 Is This Typology Specific t
Page 88 and 89: 52Table 4.1 Trading Off: Strengths
Page 90 and 91: CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE LINKS BETW
Page 92 and 93:
chosen in this book and the impact
Page 94 and 95:
Table 4.3 Expected Performance alon
Page 96 and 97:
Box 4.2 (Continued)Second, farmers
Page 99:
SECTION THREEComparative Analysis:C
Page 102 and 103:
PRICING MECHANISMS IN WCAPricing me
Page 104 and 105:
efore planting, price risk in the s
Page 106 and 107:
Table 5.3 Summary of Producer Share
Page 108 and 109:
Finally, FOT price shares in WCA ro
Page 110 and 111:
MALI AND CAMEROON: GOVERNMENT MONOP
Page 112 and 113:
Significant in Mozambique, the comp
Page 114 and 115:
Zimbabwe transitioned during the 19
Page 116 and 117:
Box 6.1 (Continued)A move from a co
Page 118 and 119:
82Table 6.1 Summary of Input Supply
Page 120 and 121:
84Table 6.1 (Continued)IndicatorsCo
Page 123 and 124:
CHAPTER SEVENQuality ControlGérald
Page 125 and 126:
Tanzania Competitive 1 2 Very lax n
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 7.1 Estimated Premium for To
Page 129 and 130:
all fiber coming from Africa—are
Page 131 and 132:
Box 7.1 (Continued)newly liberalize
Page 133 and 134:
CHAPTER EIGHTValorization of SeedCo
Page 135 and 136:
competitive market in some of the o
Page 137 and 138:
a few years, it indicates that some
Page 139 and 140:
should eventually make a difference
Page 141 and 142:
CHAPTER NINECotton ResearchDuncan B
Page 143 and 144:
With regard to human and financial
Page 145 and 146:
■■■Be involved in setting res
Page 147 and 148:
made royalty payments to CRI. When
Page 149:
and to identify complementary inves
Page 153 and 154:
CHAPTER TENYields and Returns toFar
Page 155 and 156:
fact that 55 percent of cotton is p
Page 157 and 158:
Yields by Farmer TypeTo assess perf
Page 159 and 160:
Factors beyond company services als
Page 161 and 162:
Table 10.1 Summary Crop Budgets by
Page 163 and 164:
According to the focus group inform
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 10.6 Net Margins after All C
Page 167 and 168:
All other variables in the budgets
Page 169 and 170:
Table 10.2Summary of Average Yield
Page 171 and 172:
■■■■impression is given tha
Page 173:
were based on a 2005 cotton farmer
Page 176 and 177:
more recent data are not available
Page 178 and 179:
Figure 11.1 Estimated Average Ginni
Page 180 and 181:
to buy seed cotton immediately afte
Page 182 and 183:
146Table 11.3 Overall Competitivene
Page 184 and 185:
148Table 11.4 Total Value Added per
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 11.3 Total Value Added per c
Page 189 and 190:
CHAPTER TWELVEConclusionsPatrick La
Page 191 and 192:
Table 12.1 Summary of Expected and
Page 193 and 194:
Valorization ofby-productsValue of
Page 195 and 196:
Macro impact■ Total value addedpe
Page 197 and 198:
across concession zones, with newer
Page 199 and 200:
high yields. However, a mixed pictu
Page 201 and 202:
governance and regulatory structure
Page 203 and 204:
against price and exchange rate ris
Page 205 and 206:
Improvements in the Delivery of Ext
Page 207 and 208:
esistant, “stacked” genes), and
Page 209 and 210:
Just as improved sector management
Page 211 and 212:
More-competitive systems are perhap
Page 213 and 214:
■■■■Interprofessional commi
Page 215 and 216:
were to occur, it would most likely
Page 217 and 218:
APPENDIX AStatistical Tables181
Page 219 and 220:
1989/90 43 111 383 40.7 95 0.491990
Page 221 and 222:
1989/90 62 150 416 41.0 95 0.671990
Page 223 and 224:
1989/90 43 89 482 41.3 95 0.651990/
Page 225 and 226:
1989/90 99 189 521 42.8 85 0.541990
Page 227 and 228:
1997/98 31 327 95 33 to 35 2,950 83
Page 229 and 230:
1994/95 82 344 238 33 207.0 40.0119
Page 231 and 232:
Table A8 ZambiaSeasonLint productio
Page 233 and 234:
Table A9 ZimbabweSeasonLint product
Page 235 and 236:
Table A10 Ginning and FOB-to-CIF Co
Page 237 and 238:
1997/98 1.64 598 210 75 49 74 7.619
Page 239:
1987/88 17,609 31,238 564 414 911 4
Page 242 and 243:
206 NOTES11. Important cotton secto
Page 244 and 245:
208 NOTES47. Benin is not included
Page 246 and 247:
210 NOTES79. In Zimbabwe and Zambia
Page 249 and 250:
BIBLIOGRAPHYBadiane, Ousmane, Dhane
Page 251 and 252:
and Instability, ed. A. Sarris and
Page 253:
World Bank. 2007. Strategies for Co
Page 256 and 257:
CFA exchange rate, 17-18b, 19fcompa
Page 258 and 259:
input credit and extension in, 77-8
Page 260 and 261:
firm types, 211n93fixed prices, for
Page 262 and 263:
productivity, 119, 121f, 205n8,209n
Page 264 and 265:
key indicators, 56-58, 57-58t,155-5
Page 266 and 267:
focus group discussions by farmerty
Page 268 and 269:
technology transfer, 170-71by typol
Page 270:
ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
show all

Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa ... - infoDev

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?