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Poulton, C., and B. Hanyani-Mlambo. 2007. “Zimbabwe Country Study.” Backgroundpaper for Comparative Analysis of Organization and Performance of African CottonSectors: Learning from Reform Experience, World Bank, Washington, DC.Poulton, C., and W. Maro. 2007. “Tanzania Country Study.” Background paper forComparative Analysis of Organization and Performance of African Cotton Sectors:Learning from Reform Experience, World Bank, Washington, DC.Pursell, G., and M. Diop. 1999. “Cotton Policies in Francophone Africa.” Unpublished.International Economics Department, World Bank, Washington, DC.Radetzki, Marian. 1985. “Effects of a Dollar Appreciation on Dollar Prices in InternationalCommodity Markets.” Resources Policy 11 (3): 158–9.Sarris, A. 2000. “Has World Cereal Market Instability Increased?” Food Policy 25 (2):337–50.Stringfellow, Rachel. 1996. “Smallholder Outgrower Schemes in Zambia.” Researchreport completed under ODA crops post-harvest programme, project no. AO439.Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, United Kingdom.Thirtle, C., L. Beyers, Y. Ismael, and J. Piesse. 2003. “Can GM Technologies Help thePoor? The Impact of Bt Cotton in Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal.” World Development31: 717–32.Tollens, E., and C. Gilbert. 2003. “Does Market Liberalisation Jeopardise Export Quality?Cameroonian Cocoa, 1988–2000.” Journal of African Economies 12 (3): 303–42.Tschirley, D. 2008. “Zambia Country Study.” Background paper for Comparative Analysisof Organization and Performance of African Cotton Sectors: Learning fromReform Experience, World Bank, Washington, DC.Tschirley, David, and Stephen Kabwe. 2007a. “Urgent Need for Effective Public–PrivateCoordination in Zambia’s Cotton Sector: Deliberations on the Cotton Act.” PolicySynthesis No. 21. Food Security Research Project, Lusaka. Zambia http://www.aec.msu.edu/ agecon/fs2/zambia/index.htm.———. 2007b. “Zambia Country Study.” Background paper for Comparative Analysisof Organization and Performance of African Cotton Sectors: Learning from ReformExperience, World Bank, Washington, DC.Tschirley, David, Colin Poulton, and Duncan Boughton. 2008. “The Many Paths ofCotton Sector Reform in East and Southern Africa: Lessons from a Decade of Experience.”In Hanging by a Thread: Cotton, Globalization, and Poverty in Africa, ed.William G. Moseley and Leslie C. Gray, 123–58. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.Tschirley, David, Ballard Zulu, and James Shaffer. 2004. “Cotton in Zambia: An Assessmentof its Organization, Performance, Current Policy Initiatives, and Challengesfor the Future.” Working Paper 10, Zambia Food Security Research Project, Lusaka.http://www.aec.msu.edu/agecon/fs2/zambia/ research.htm.United States. 1990. “Cotton Program: The Marketing Loan Has Not Worked: Report tothe Honorable David Pryor, United States Senate.” Washington, DC: GovernmentPrinting Office.———. 1995. “Cotton Program: Costly and Complex Government Program Needs toBe Reassessed: Report to the Honorable Richard K. Armey, House of Representatives.”Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Valdès, A., and W. Foster. 2003. “Special Safeguards for Developing Countries: A Proposalfor WTO Negotiations.” World Trade Review 2 (1): 5–31.Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: The FreePress.216 BIBLIOGRAPHY
World Bank. 2007. Strategies for Cotton in West and Central Africa: Enhancing Competitivenessin the “Cotton-4” - Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali. Washington, DC:World Bank.Yanggen, David, Valerie Kelly, Thomas Reardon, and Anwar Naseem. 1998. “Incentivesfor Fertilizer Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Empirical Evidence on FertilizerResponse and Profitability.” MSU International Development Working PaperNo. 70, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.BIBLIOGRAPHY 217
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTOr
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTSe
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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Section II. Historical Background a
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BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLESBoxes2.1
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5.2 Summary of Pricing Mechanisms i
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eference are limited to neighboring
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was carri
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ABBREVIATIONS¢ U.S. centACPAgricul
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US$U shWAEMUWCAWTOU.S. dollarUganda
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output markets, improving productiv
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etween these competing needs, provi
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■■■■■competition increase
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monopolies range from 0.98 to 1.15,
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macroeconomics, developments in com
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central body and that the state nee
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CHAPTER ONEIntroductionDavid Tschir
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The debate about how to deal with t
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Figure 1.1 Map of Africa Highlighti
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hypotheses about sector performance
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to reach 25 million tons of lint in
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cotton production was introduced in
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Figure 2.2 Nominal Cotton Prices (U
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Box 2.1 (Continued)Togo, 39 percent
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Box 2.2 Cotton SubsidiesCotton subs
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efers specifically to the presence
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picking, storage, handling, or tran
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national monopoly (state-owned or p
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SECTION TWOHistorical Background an
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shares belonging to governments, an
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Changes Made Since the End of the 1
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long-term development strategies, (
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possible link between price-setting
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production fell further, to lows of
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all aspects of the chain from input
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suggestions (a) of establishing fas
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Figure 4.1 Decision Tree for Cotton
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Figure 4.2 African Cotton Sector Ty
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Box 4.1 Is This Typology Specific t
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52Table 4.1 Trading Off: Strengths
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CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE LINKS BETW
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chosen in this book and the impact
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Table 4.3 Expected Performance alon
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Box 4.2 (Continued)Second, farmers
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SECTION THREEComparative Analysis:C
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PRICING MECHANISMS IN WCAPricing me
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efore planting, price risk in the s
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Table 5.3 Summary of Producer Share
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Finally, FOT price shares in WCA ro
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MALI AND CAMEROON: GOVERNMENT MONOP
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Significant in Mozambique, the comp
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Zimbabwe transitioned during the 19
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Box 6.1 (Continued)A move from a co
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82Table 6.1 Summary of Input Supply
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84Table 6.1 (Continued)IndicatorsCo
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CHAPTER SEVENQuality ControlGérald
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Tanzania Competitive 1 2 Very lax n
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Figure 7.1 Estimated Premium for To
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all fiber coming from Africa—are
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Box 7.1 (Continued)newly liberalize
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CHAPTER EIGHTValorization of SeedCo
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competitive market in some of the o
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a few years, it indicates that some
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should eventually make a difference
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CHAPTER NINECotton ResearchDuncan B
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With regard to human and financial
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■■■Be involved in setting res
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made royalty payments to CRI. When
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and to identify complementary inves
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CHAPTER TENYields and Returns toFar
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fact that 55 percent of cotton is p
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Yields by Farmer TypeTo assess perf
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Factors beyond company services als
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Table 10.1 Summary Crop Budgets by
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According to the focus group inform
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Figure 10.6 Net Margins after All C
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All other variables in the budgets
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Table 10.2Summary of Average Yield
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■■■■impression is given tha
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were based on a 2005 cotton farmer
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more recent data are not available
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Figure 11.1 Estimated Average Ginni
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to buy seed cotton immediately afte
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146Table 11.3 Overall Competitivene
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148Table 11.4 Total Value Added per
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Figure 11.3 Total Value Added per c
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CHAPTER TWELVEConclusionsPatrick La
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Table 12.1 Summary of Expected and
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Valorization ofby-productsValue of
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Macro impact■ Total value addedpe
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across concession zones, with newer
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high yields. However, a mixed pictu
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Page 203 and 204: against price and exchange rate ris
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Page 207 and 208: esistant, “stacked” genes), and
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Page 215 and 216: were to occur, it would most likely
Page 217 and 218: APPENDIX AStatistical Tables181
Page 219 and 220: 1989/90 43 111 383 40.7 95 0.491990
Page 221 and 222: 1989/90 62 150 416 41.0 95 0.671990
Page 223 and 224: 1989/90 43 89 482 41.3 95 0.651990/
Page 225 and 226: 1989/90 99 189 521 42.8 85 0.541990
Page 227 and 228: 1997/98 31 327 95 33 to 35 2,950 83
Page 229 and 230: 1994/95 82 344 238 33 207.0 40.0119
Page 231 and 232: Table A8 ZambiaSeasonLint productio
Page 233 and 234: Table A9 ZimbabweSeasonLint product
Page 235 and 236: Table A10 Ginning and FOB-to-CIF Co
Page 237 and 238: 1997/98 1.64 598 210 75 49 74 7.619
Page 239: 1987/88 17,609 31,238 564 414 911 4
Page 242 and 243: 206 NOTES11. Important cotton secto
Page 244 and 245: 208 NOTES47. Benin is not included
Page 246 and 247: 210 NOTES79. In Zimbabwe and Zambia
Page 249 and 250: BIBLIOGRAPHYBadiane, Ousmane, Dhane
Page 251: and Instability, ed. A. Sarris and
Page 256 and 257: CFA exchange rate, 17-18b, 19fcompa
Page 258 and 259: input credit and extension in, 77-8
Page 260 and 261: firm types, 211n93fixed prices, for
Page 262 and 263: productivity, 119, 121f, 205n8,209n
Page 264 and 265: key indicators, 56-58, 57-58t,155-5
Page 266 and 267: focus group discussions by farmerty
Page 268 and 269: technology transfer, 170-71by typol
Page 270: ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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