Chaudhry, Rafiq. 2007. “Outlook for <strong>Cotton</strong> Production <strong>and</strong> Developments <strong>in</strong> ProductionResearch.” Paper presented at the UNCTAD/UNDP Workshop on Enhanc<strong>in</strong>g the<strong>Cotton</strong> Value Cha<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> through Trade <strong>and</strong> Investment, with a Special Emphasison Regional <strong>and</strong> South-South Cooperation. Bamako, Mali, December 11–12.Conseil Ouest et Centre <strong>Africa</strong><strong>in</strong> Pour La Recherche et le Développement Agricole(CORAF/WECARD). Undated. Evaluation des Unités Opérationelles duCORAF/WECARD. Rapport F<strong>in</strong>al. Unpublished.<strong>Cotton</strong> Outlook. 2005. Cotlook’s GM <strong>Cotton</strong> Survey. Special Issue—The ICAC 64thPlenary Meet<strong>in</strong>g. Liverpool, United K<strong>in</strong>gdom.Delgado, Christopher. 1999. “Sources <strong>of</strong> Growth <strong>in</strong> Smallholder Agriculture <strong>in</strong> Sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong>: The Role <strong>of</strong> Vertical Integration <strong>of</strong> Smallholders with Processors <strong>and</strong>Marketers <strong>of</strong> High Value-Added Items.” Agrekon 38: 165–89.Devarajan, S. 1999. “Estimates <strong>of</strong> Real Exchange Rate Misalignment with a SimpleGeneral-Equilibrium Model.” In Exchange Rate Misalignment: Concepts <strong>and</strong> Measurementsfor Develop<strong>in</strong>g Countries, ed. L. E. H<strong>in</strong>kle <strong>and</strong> P. J. Montiel, 359–80.New York: Oxford University Press.Estur, G. 2008. “Quality <strong>and</strong> Market<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>Cotton</strong>.” Background paper for ComparativeAnalysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Performance</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>Sectors</strong>:Learn<strong>in</strong>g from Reform Experience, World Bank, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.European Commission. 2003. “Agricultural Reform Cont<strong>in</strong>ued: Commission ProposesSusta<strong>in</strong>able Agricultural Model for Europe’s Tobacco, Olive Oil <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>Sectors</strong>.”Press Release, European Commission, September 23, Brussels.FAO (Food <strong>and</strong> Agriculture <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> the United Nations). 2004. “<strong>Cotton</strong>:Impact <strong>of</strong> Support Policies <strong>in</strong> Develop<strong>in</strong>g Countries.” Trade Policy Technical NoteNo. 1. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5533e/y5533e01.pdf.FAO Statistics. Various reports.Gergely, N. 2004. “Analyse comparée des coûts de la filière coton au Burk<strong>in</strong>a, au Mali etau Cameroun.” (Cost analysis <strong>of</strong> the cotton supply cha<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Mali, Burk<strong>in</strong>a Faso, <strong>and</strong>Cameroon). Agence Française du Développement, Paris.———. 2005. “Etude d’un fonds de soutien et d’un fonds d’<strong>in</strong>tervention au bénéfice dela filière coton au Burk<strong>in</strong>a Faso.” (Study for a price support fund <strong>in</strong> Burk<strong>in</strong>a Faso).Agence Française de Développement, Paris.———. 2008a. “Ben<strong>in</strong> <strong>Cotton</strong> Study.” Background paper for Comparative Analysis <strong>of</strong><strong>Organization</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Performance</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>Sectors</strong>: Learn<strong>in</strong>g from ReformExperience, World Bank, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.———. 2008b. “Burk<strong>in</strong>a Country Study.” Background paper for Comparative Analysis<strong>of</strong> <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Performance</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>Sectors</strong>: Learn<strong>in</strong>g from ReformExperience, World Bank, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.———. 2008c. “Cameroon Country Study.” Background paper for Comparative Analysis<strong>of</strong> <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Performance</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>Sectors</strong>: Learn<strong>in</strong>g fromReform Experience, World Bank, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.———. 2008d. “Mali Country Study.” Background paper for Comparative Analysis <strong>of</strong><strong>Organization</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Performance</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>Sectors</strong>: Learn<strong>in</strong>g from ReformExperience, World Bank, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.Gibbon, P. 1999. “Free Competition without Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development? Tanzanian <strong>Cotton</strong>Sector Liberalisation, 1994/95 to 1997/98.” Journal <strong>of</strong> Development Studies 36 (1):128–50.Gilbert, C. 2006. “Trends <strong>and</strong> Volatility <strong>in</strong> Agricultural Commodity Prices.” In AgriculturalCommodity Markets <strong>and</strong> Trade: New Approaches to Analyz<strong>in</strong>g Market Structure214 BIBLIOGRAPHY
<strong>and</strong> Instability, ed. A. Sarris <strong>and</strong> D. Hallam, 31–60. Northampton, MA: Food <strong>and</strong>Agriculture <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> the United Nations <strong>and</strong> Edward Elgar.Glover, D. 1990. “Contract Farm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Outgrower Schemes <strong>in</strong> East <strong>and</strong> Southern<strong>Africa</strong>.” Journal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Economics 41: 303–15.Goreux, Louis, <strong>and</strong> John Macrae. 2002. “Liberaliz<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>Cotton</strong> Sector <strong>in</strong> SSA: Part I,Ma<strong>in</strong> Issues.” Unpublished. World Bank, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.Gouse, M. 2007. “South <strong>Africa</strong>: Reveal<strong>in</strong>g the Potential <strong>and</strong> Obstacles, the Private SectorModel <strong>and</strong> Reach<strong>in</strong>g the Traditional Sector.” In The Gene Revolution: GM Crops<strong>and</strong> Unequal Development, ed. S. Fukuda-Parr, 175–95. London: Earthscan.H<strong>in</strong>kle, Laurence, <strong>and</strong> Peter Montiel. 1999. Exchange Rate Misalignment: Concepts <strong>and</strong>Measurement for Develop<strong>in</strong>g Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.ICAC (International <strong>Cotton</strong> Advisory Committee). Various issues. <strong>Cotton</strong>: Review <strong>of</strong> theWorld Situation.Jaffee, S. 1994. “Contract Farm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Shadow <strong>of</strong> Competitive Markets: The Experience<strong>of</strong> Kenyan Horticulture.” In Liv<strong>in</strong>g Under Contract: Contract Farm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong>Agrarian Transformation <strong>in</strong> Sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong>, ed. P. Little <strong>and</strong> M. Watts. Madison:University <strong>of</strong> Wiscons<strong>in</strong> Press.Jayne, T., L. Rubey, D. Tschirley, M. Mukumbu, M. Chisvo, A. Santos, M. Weber, <strong>and</strong>P. Disk<strong>in</strong>. 1995. “Effects <strong>of</strong> Market Reform on Access to Food by Low-IncomeHouseholds: Evidence from Four Countries <strong>in</strong> Eastern <strong>and</strong> Southern <strong>Africa</strong>.” Department<strong>of</strong> Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lans<strong>in</strong>g, MI.J. M. Consultants. 1995. “La Compétitivité du Coton dans le Monde.” Paris: M<strong>in</strong>istère dela Coopération Française.Kahneman, Daniel, Jack L. Knetsch, <strong>and</strong> Richard H. Thaler. 1991. “Anomalies: TheEndowment Effect, Loss Aversion, <strong>and</strong> Status Quo Bias.” The Journal <strong>of</strong> EconomicPerspectives 5 (1): 193–206.Leibenste<strong>in</strong> H. 1966. “Allocative Efficiency vs. ‘X-Efficiency.’” American EconomicReview 56 (3): 392–416.Lele, Uma, Nicholas Van de Walle, <strong>and</strong> Mathur<strong>in</strong> Gbetiobouo. 1989. “<strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>:An Analysis <strong>of</strong> Differences <strong>in</strong> <strong>Performance</strong>.” MADIA Discussion Paper No. 7, WorldBank, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.Maro, W., <strong>and</strong> C. Poulton. 2005. “Tanzania Country Report: 2003/04 Production Season.”Report produced for the Competition <strong>and</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> <strong>Cotton</strong> MarketSystems <strong>of</strong> Southern <strong>and</strong> Eastern <strong>Africa</strong> Project, Wye, Imperial College, London.National <strong>Cotton</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> America. 2002. “Government Roles, Private Actions, <strong>and</strong>the U.S. <strong>and</strong> World <strong>Cotton</strong> Market.” Paper presented at International <strong>Cotton</strong> AdvisoryCommittee Conference on <strong>Cotton</strong> <strong>and</strong> Global Trade Negotiations, July.North, D. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, <strong>and</strong> Economic <strong>Performance</strong>. Cambridge,United K<strong>in</strong>gdom: Cambridge University Press.ODI (Overseas Development Institute). 2004. “Developed Country <strong>Cotton</strong> Subsidies<strong>and</strong> Develop<strong>in</strong>g Countries: Unravell<strong>in</strong>g the Impacts on <strong>Africa</strong>.” Brief<strong>in</strong>g Paper, OverseasDevelopment Institute, London.PADECO. 2006. “Strategies for <strong>Cotton</strong> Sector Development <strong>in</strong> West <strong>and</strong> Central <strong>Africa</strong>.”Consultancy report prepared for the World Bank, PADECO, Tokyo.Pan, X., <strong>and</strong> C. Valderrama. 2005. “Higher <strong>Cotton</strong> Price Variability.” Review <strong>of</strong> the World Situation,January-February. International <strong>Cotton</strong> Advisory Committee, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC.Poulton, C., P. Gibbon, B. Hanyani-Mlambo, J. Kydd, W. Maro, M. Nyl<strong>and</strong>sted Larsen,A. Osorio, D. Tschirley, <strong>and</strong> B. Zulu. 2004. “Competition <strong>and</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> Liberalized<strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>Cotton</strong> Market Systems.” World Development 32 (3): 519–36.BIBLIOGRAPHY 215
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTOr
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTSe
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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Section II. Historical Background a
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BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLESBoxes2.1
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5.2 Summary of Pricing Mechanisms i
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eference are limited to neighboring
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was carri
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ABBREVIATIONS¢ U.S. centACPAgricul
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US$U shWAEMUWCAWTOU.S. dollarUganda
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output markets, improving productiv
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etween these competing needs, provi
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■■■■■competition increase
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monopolies range from 0.98 to 1.15,
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macroeconomics, developments in com
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central body and that the state nee
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CHAPTER ONEIntroductionDavid Tschir
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The debate about how to deal with t
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Figure 1.1 Map of Africa Highlighti
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hypotheses about sector performance
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to reach 25 million tons of lint in
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cotton production was introduced in
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Figure 2.2 Nominal Cotton Prices (U
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Box 2.1 (Continued)Togo, 39 percent
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Box 2.2 Cotton SubsidiesCotton subs
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efers specifically to the presence
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picking, storage, handling, or tran
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national monopoly (state-owned or p
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SECTION TWOHistorical Background an
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shares belonging to governments, an
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Changes Made Since the End of the 1
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long-term development strategies, (
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possible link between price-setting
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production fell further, to lows of
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all aspects of the chain from input
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suggestions (a) of establishing fas
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Figure 4.1 Decision Tree for Cotton
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Figure 4.2 African Cotton Sector Ty
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Box 4.1 Is This Typology Specific t
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52Table 4.1 Trading Off: Strengths
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CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE LINKS BETW
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chosen in this book and the impact
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Table 4.3 Expected Performance alon
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Box 4.2 (Continued)Second, farmers
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SECTION THREEComparative Analysis:C
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PRICING MECHANISMS IN WCAPricing me
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efore planting, price risk in the s
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Table 5.3 Summary of Producer Share
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Finally, FOT price shares in WCA ro
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MALI AND CAMEROON: GOVERNMENT MONOP
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Significant in Mozambique, the comp
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Zimbabwe transitioned during the 19
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Box 6.1 (Continued)A move from a co
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82Table 6.1 Summary of Input Supply
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84Table 6.1 (Continued)IndicatorsCo
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CHAPTER SEVENQuality ControlGérald
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Tanzania Competitive 1 2 Very lax n
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Figure 7.1 Estimated Premium for To
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all fiber coming from Africa—are
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Box 7.1 (Continued)newly liberalize
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CHAPTER EIGHTValorization of SeedCo
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competitive market in some of the o
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a few years, it indicates that some
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should eventually make a difference
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CHAPTER NINECotton ResearchDuncan B
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With regard to human and financial
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■■■Be involved in setting res
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made royalty payments to CRI. When
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and to identify complementary inves
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CHAPTER TENYields and Returns toFar
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fact that 55 percent of cotton is p
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Yields by Farmer TypeTo assess perf
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Factors beyond company services als
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Table 10.1 Summary Crop Budgets by
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According to the focus group inform
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Figure 10.6 Net Margins after All C
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All other variables in the budgets
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Table 10.2Summary of Average Yield
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■■■■impression is given tha
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were based on a 2005 cotton farmer
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more recent data are not available
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Figure 11.1 Estimated Average Ginni
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to buy seed cotton immediately afte
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146Table 11.3 Overall Competitivene
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148Table 11.4 Total Value Added per
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Figure 11.3 Total Value Added per c
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CHAPTER TWELVEConclusionsPatrick La
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Table 12.1 Summary of Expected and
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Valorization ofby-productsValue of
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Macro impact■ Total value addedpe
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across concession zones, with newer
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- Page 217 and 218: APPENDIX AStatistical Tables181
- Page 219 and 220: 1989/90 43 111 383 40.7 95 0.491990
- Page 221 and 222: 1989/90 62 150 416 41.0 95 0.671990
- Page 223 and 224: 1989/90 43 89 482 41.3 95 0.651990/
- Page 225 and 226: 1989/90 99 189 521 42.8 85 0.541990
- Page 227 and 228: 1997/98 31 327 95 33 to 35 2,950 83
- Page 229 and 230: 1994/95 82 344 238 33 207.0 40.0119
- Page 231 and 232: Table A8 ZambiaSeasonLint productio
- Page 233 and 234: Table A9 ZimbabweSeasonLint product
- Page 235 and 236: Table A10 Ginning and FOB-to-CIF Co
- Page 237 and 238: 1997/98 1.64 598 210 75 49 74 7.619
- Page 239: 1987/88 17,609 31,238 564 414 911 4
- Page 242 and 243: 206 NOTES11. Important cotton secto
- Page 244 and 245: 208 NOTES47. Benin is not included
- Page 246 and 247: 210 NOTES79. In Zimbabwe and Zambia
- Page 249: BIBLIOGRAPHYBadiane, Ousmane, Dhane
- Page 253: World Bank. 2007. Strategies for Co
- Page 256 and 257: CFA exchange rate, 17-18b, 19fcompa
- Page 258 and 259: input credit and extension in, 77-8
- Page 260 and 261: firm types, 211n93fixed prices, for
- Page 262 and 263: productivity, 119, 121f, 205n8,209n
- Page 264 and 265: key indicators, 56-58, 57-58t,155-5
- Page 266 and 267: focus group discussions by farmerty
- Page 268 and 269: technology transfer, 170-71by typol
- Page 270: ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta