Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa ... - infoDev

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156Table 12.1 (Continued)Type of indicator Indicator Expected performance Realized performance CommentsInput provision■ Percentage ofcotton farmersreceiving inputcredit■ Adequacy andquality of inputcredit package,if provided■ Repayment rate■ National and localmonopolies best onprovision andrepayment;indeterminate onadequacy and quality■ Concentrated, marketbasedsectors nextbest on provision;possibly with betterincentives on adequacyand quality■ Competitive sectorsunable to provideinput on creditExpectations largely confirmed:■ % receiving input credit: 100% inall WCA countries; Mozambique,and Zambia; 90%–95% inZimbabwe (2006/07); 0% inTanzania; subsidized cash sale inUganda (where past experimentswith credit unsuccessful)■ Adequacy worst (though variable)in Mozambique; best in WCA,Zimbabwe (before 2003), andUganda (under hybrid system)■ Credit repayment consistently>90% in WCA; highly variable inMozambique, Zambia; 90% butfalling in ZimbabweExpectations largely confirmed, withexception of Mozambique, wheresome companies provide almostno extension■ WCA and (to a lesserextent) Zimbabwe, Ugandaprovide fertilizer; Uganda’sprovision enabled by hybridsystem imposed oncompetitive structure.■ Adequacy falling inZimbabwe, very low amongnew entrants.■ Tanzania able to providesmall amounts of inputthrough forced savingsmechanism.ExtensionResearch■ Provision ofassistance■ Qualitativeassessment ofquality■ Number ofvarieties releasedand taken up inpast 10 years■ Use of newtechnologies(GM varieties,low-volumeherbicides)Same as input provision,though extension ingeneral expected tobe weaker than inputcredit provisionNo clear prediction—though monopoly andconcentrated systemsmay have bettercompany input intobreeding workNo clear pattern: Mali (6) andZimbabwe (4) have most releases;WCA having seen much greaterorganizational stability in researchin the past, because of persistenceof national monopoly approachMeasurement very difficult,and distinction betweenproviding input andextension advice notalways clearNature of agricultural researchthat means history exerts abig influence; impact ofsector type limited by factthat state still controlscotton research in mostcountries
Valorization ofby-productsValue of cottonseedsNo clear prediction—only in WCA doeshistory of verticalintegration establish asystematic link withginning structureAbnormally low in Mali and BurkinaFaso (monopsony in cottonseedoil markets). but high pricesrealized in other landlockedcountriesBoth demand (for oil and cake)and policy factors beyondthe control of ginners thatexert a big influenceIntermediate outcomeindicatorsFarm-level performanceCompany performance■ Mean yield past5 years (kg seedcotton/ha)■ Trend, past 10yearsAdjusted farm gateto FOT cost(US$/kg lint)■ Expected performanceon yield level stronglyrelated to expectationsfor input provision andextension■ No clear predictionfor yield trend■ Worst in monopolies;best in competitivesectors■ Mean yields that remain highest inWCA; within ESA, concentratedsectors that perform best■ However, yield stagnation in WCAsince mid-1980s■ Zambia (concentrated) providingbest example of yield growth inESA, but overall ESA yields havingfailed to close gap on worldaverageExpectations largely confirmed:US$0.31–0.45 in WCAmonopolies, US$0.38 inMozambique; in market sectors,US$0.21 in Tanzania to US$0.32in Zambia and UgandaCurrent yields heavilyinfluenced by pastinvestments, especially inresearch and extension, sotypology alone does notexplain performancevariationsHybrid regulatory structure inUganda that protectsinefficient companies; rollergins and competition inTanzania that keepcosts down(continued)157
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTOr
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTSe
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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Section II. Historical Background a
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BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLESBoxes2.1
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5.2 Summary of Pricing Mechanisms i
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eference are limited to neighboring
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was carri
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ABBREVIATIONS¢ U.S. centACPAgricul
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US$U shWAEMUWCAWTOU.S. dollarUganda
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output markets, improving productiv
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etween these competing needs, provi
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■■■■■competition increase
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monopolies range from 0.98 to 1.15,
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macroeconomics, developments in com
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central body and that the state nee
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CHAPTER ONEIntroductionDavid Tschir
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The debate about how to deal with t
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Figure 1.1 Map of Africa Highlighti
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hypotheses about sector performance
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to reach 25 million tons of lint in
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cotton production was introduced in
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Figure 2.2 Nominal Cotton Prices (U
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Box 2.1 (Continued)Togo, 39 percent
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Box 2.2 Cotton SubsidiesCotton subs
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efers specifically to the presence
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picking, storage, handling, or tran
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national monopoly (state-owned or p
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SECTION TWOHistorical Background an
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shares belonging to governments, an
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Changes Made Since the End of the 1
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long-term development strategies, (
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possible link between price-setting
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production fell further, to lows of
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all aspects of the chain from input
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suggestions (a) of establishing fas
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Figure 4.1 Decision Tree for Cotton
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Figure 4.2 African Cotton Sector Ty
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Box 4.1 Is This Typology Specific t
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52Table 4.1 Trading Off: Strengths
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CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE LINKS BETW
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chosen in this book and the impact
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Table 4.3 Expected Performance alon
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Box 4.2 (Continued)Second, farmers
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SECTION THREEComparative Analysis:C
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PRICING MECHANISMS IN WCAPricing me
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efore planting, price risk in the s
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Table 5.3 Summary of Producer Share
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Finally, FOT price shares in WCA ro
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MALI AND CAMEROON: GOVERNMENT MONOP
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Significant in Mozambique, the comp
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Zimbabwe transitioned during the 19
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Box 6.1 (Continued)A move from a co
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82Table 6.1 Summary of Input Supply
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84Table 6.1 (Continued)IndicatorsCo
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CHAPTER SEVENQuality ControlGérald
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Tanzania Competitive 1 2 Very lax n
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Figure 7.1 Estimated Premium for To
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all fiber coming from Africa—are
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Box 7.1 (Continued)newly liberalize
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CHAPTER EIGHTValorization of SeedCo
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competitive market in some of the o
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a few years, it indicates that some
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should eventually make a difference
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER NINECotton ResearchDuncan B
Page 143 and 144: With regard to human and financial
Page 145 and 146: ■■■Be involved in setting res
Page 147 and 148: made royalty payments to CRI. When
Page 149: and to identify complementary inves
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER TENYields and Returns toFar
Page 155 and 156: fact that 55 percent of cotton is p
Page 157 and 158: Yields by Farmer TypeTo assess perf
Page 159 and 160: Factors beyond company services als
Page 161 and 162: Table 10.1 Summary Crop Budgets by
Page 163 and 164: According to the focus group inform
Page 165 and 166: Figure 10.6 Net Margins after All C
Page 167 and 168: All other variables in the budgets
Page 169 and 170: Table 10.2Summary of Average Yield
Page 171 and 172: ■■■■impression is given tha
Page 173: were based on a 2005 cotton farmer
Page 176 and 177: more recent data are not available
Page 178 and 179: Figure 11.1 Estimated Average Ginni
Page 180 and 181: to buy seed cotton immediately afte
Page 182 and 183: 146Table 11.3 Overall Competitivene
Page 184 and 185: 148Table 11.4 Total Value Added per
Page 186 and 187: Figure 11.3 Total Value Added per c
Page 189 and 190: CHAPTER TWELVEConclusionsPatrick La
Page 191: Table 12.1 Summary of Expected and
Page 195 and 196: Macro impact■ Total value addedpe
Page 197 and 198: across concession zones, with newer
Page 199 and 200: high yields. However, a mixed pictu
Page 201 and 202: governance and regulatory structure
Page 203 and 204: against price and exchange rate ris
Page 205 and 206: Improvements in the Delivery of Ext
Page 207 and 208: esistant, “stacked” genes), and
Page 209 and 210: Just as improved sector management
Page 211 and 212: More-competitive systems are perhap
Page 213 and 214: ■■■■Interprofessional commi
Page 215 and 216: were to occur, it would most likely
Page 217 and 218: APPENDIX AStatistical Tables181
Page 219 and 220: 1989/90 43 111 383 40.7 95 0.491990
Page 221 and 222: 1989/90 62 150 416 41.0 95 0.671990
Page 223 and 224: 1989/90 43 89 482 41.3 95 0.651990/
Page 225 and 226: 1989/90 99 189 521 42.8 85 0.541990
Page 227 and 228: 1997/98 31 327 95 33 to 35 2,950 83
Page 229 and 230: 1994/95 82 344 238 33 207.0 40.0119
Page 231 and 232: Table A8 ZambiaSeasonLint productio
Page 233 and 234: Table A9 ZimbabweSeasonLint product
Page 235 and 236: Table A10 Ginning and FOB-to-CIF Co
Page 237 and 238: 1997/98 1.64 598 210 75 49 74 7.619
Page 239: 1987/88 17,609 31,238 564 414 911 4
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206 NOTES11. Important cotton secto
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208 NOTES47. Benin is not included
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210 NOTES79. In Zimbabwe and Zambia
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BIBLIOGRAPHYBadiane, Ousmane, Dhane
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and Instability, ed. A. Sarris and
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World Bank. 2007. Strategies for Co
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CFA exchange rate, 17-18b, 19fcompa
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input credit and extension in, 77-8
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firm types, 211n93fixed prices, for
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productivity, 119, 121f, 205n8,209n
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key indicators, 56-58, 57-58t,155-5
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focus group discussions by farmerty
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technology transfer, 170-71by typol
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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