Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa ... - infoDev

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cropping season, seed cotton yields ranged from 810 kg/ha in the south to1,318 kg/ha in the north, primarily as a result of the introduction of a moreproductive variety in the north. Spatial factors linked to climatic and soilconditions also contribute to large differences in yields between southern andnorthern Cameroon (670 kg/ha and 1,500 kg/ha, respectively). In both regionsof the country, yields declined following the reduction of fertilizer subsidies.The role of socioeconomic differentiation can be illustrated by Mali, wherefarm yields in 2002/03 ranged from 1,090 kg/ha with manual cultivation to1,259 kg/ha for farms equipped with their own animal traction.Figure 10.3 illustrates differences in cotton yields (lint equivalent) amongthe major ESA cotton producers, based on a 20-year average. ESA countryaverages are well below world and WCA levels, and vary by a factor of morethan two between Mozambique (lowest) Zimbabwe (highest). Most cottonsectors in ESA are based on a low input–low output system. For example, outsideZimbabwe virtually no fertilizer is applied by ESA cotton farmers, whobenefit from better soils than farmers in WCA. Countries in ESA generallyshow greater inter-annual yield variability from climatic events than countriesin WCA.The steady yield improvement in ESA is due to improved varieties and, insome countries, improved input use. Zambia has shown a steady (but slow)upward yield trend since liberalization; the input distribution and extensionefforts of the two dominant companies are the main reasons. However, ESAhas not seen rapid increases in productivity like those in China, India, and Pakistan,where genetically modified cotton varieties were introduced.Figure 10.3 Average Yields of Rainfed Cotton in ESA Countries, WCA,and World, 1994/95–2003/04700600yields of lint (kg/hectare)5004003002001000Mozambique Tanzania Uganda Zambia ZimbabweSource: International Cotton Advisory Committee.Note: ESA = East and Southern Africa; WCA = West and Central Africa.WCAWorld120 POULTON, LABASTE, AND BOUGHTON
Yields by Farmer TypeTo assess performance of different categories of farmers, focus groups undertookdiscussions as part of this study in seven of the nine study countries (allexcept Benin and Cameroon). Respondents were asked to group farmers intheir area according to volumes of production. Generally speaking, the groupscan be thought of as large (group 1), medium (group 2), small (group 3), andvery small (group 4) producers. In some countries, respondents identified onlythree groups (large, medium, and small) although what constitutes each categoryvaries by country context. Additional details about the methodology ofthis research—and its limitations—can be found in the annex to this chapter.A key insight emerging from the farmer group interviews concerns the variationin yields across groups within individual countries, which are at least asgreat as the variations across countries. These variants are shown in figure 10.4.There are two main causes of this variation across groups within a country.First, differences in access to input are an important factor in ESA, but much lessso in WCA. Largely as a result, the variation in yields across groups is less pronouncedin WCA than in ESA. The average ratio of yields between the top andbottom groups in the three WCA cotton sectors is 1.65, compared with 6.4 in thefive ESA sectors. A second reason is differences in ownership of assets, of whichthe most important are arguably oxen and plowing equipment. Households thatFigure 10.4 Variation in Yields across Farmer Groups2,500yields of seed cotton by producer (kg/ha)2,0001,5001,0005000Burkina FasoCameroonMaliMozambiqueTanzaniaUgandaZambiaZimbabweGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4Source: Authors.YIELDS AND RETURNS TO FARMERS 121
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTOr
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTSe
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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Section II. Historical Background a
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BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLESBoxes2.1
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5.2 Summary of Pricing Mechanisms i
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eference are limited to neighboring
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was carri
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ABBREVIATIONS¢ U.S. centACPAgricul
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US$U shWAEMUWCAWTOU.S. dollarUganda
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output markets, improving productiv
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etween these competing needs, provi
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■■■■■competition increase
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monopolies range from 0.98 to 1.15,
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macroeconomics, developments in com
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central body and that the state nee
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CHAPTER ONEIntroductionDavid Tschir
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The debate about how to deal with t
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Figure 1.1 Map of Africa Highlighti
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hypotheses about sector performance
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to reach 25 million tons of lint in
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cotton production was introduced in
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Figure 2.2 Nominal Cotton Prices (U
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Box 2.1 (Continued)Togo, 39 percent
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Box 2.2 Cotton SubsidiesCotton subs
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efers specifically to the presence
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picking, storage, handling, or tran
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national monopoly (state-owned or p
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SECTION TWOHistorical Background an
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shares belonging to governments, an
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Changes Made Since the End of the 1
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long-term development strategies, (
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possible link between price-setting
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production fell further, to lows of
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all aspects of the chain from input
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suggestions (a) of establishing fas
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Figure 4.1 Decision Tree for Cotton
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Figure 4.2 African Cotton Sector Ty
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Box 4.1 Is This Typology Specific t
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52Table 4.1 Trading Off: Strengths
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CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE LINKS BETW
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chosen in this book and the impact
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Table 4.3 Expected Performance alon
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Box 4.2 (Continued)Second, farmers
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SECTION THREEComparative Analysis:C
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PRICING MECHANISMS IN WCAPricing me
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efore planting, price risk in the s
Page 106 and 107: Table 5.3 Summary of Producer Share
Page 108 and 109: Finally, FOT price shares in WCA ro
Page 110 and 111: MALI AND CAMEROON: GOVERNMENT MONOP
Page 112 and 113: Significant in Mozambique, the comp
Page 114 and 115: Zimbabwe transitioned during the 19
Page 116 and 117: Box 6.1 (Continued)A move from a co
Page 118 and 119: 82Table 6.1 Summary of Input Supply
Page 120 and 121: 84Table 6.1 (Continued)IndicatorsCo
Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER SEVENQuality ControlGérald
Page 125 and 126: Tanzania Competitive 1 2 Very lax n
Page 127 and 128: Figure 7.1 Estimated Premium for To
Page 129 and 130: all fiber coming from Africa—are
Page 131 and 132: Box 7.1 (Continued)newly liberalize
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER EIGHTValorization of SeedCo
Page 135 and 136: competitive market in some of the o
Page 137 and 138: a few years, it indicates that some
Page 139 and 140: should eventually make a difference
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER NINECotton ResearchDuncan B
Page 143 and 144: With regard to human and financial
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Page 147 and 148: made royalty payments to CRI. When
Page 149: and to identify complementary inves
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER TENYields and Returns toFar
Page 155: fact that 55 percent of cotton is p
Page 159 and 160: Factors beyond company services als
Page 161 and 162: Table 10.1 Summary Crop Budgets by
Page 163 and 164: According to the focus group inform
Page 165 and 166: Figure 10.6 Net Margins after All C
Page 167 and 168: All other variables in the budgets
Page 169 and 170: Table 10.2Summary of Average Yield
Page 171 and 172: ■■■■impression is given tha
Page 173: were based on a 2005 cotton farmer
Page 176 and 177: more recent data are not available
Page 178 and 179: Figure 11.1 Estimated Average Ginni
Page 180 and 181: to buy seed cotton immediately afte
Page 182 and 183: 146Table 11.3 Overall Competitivene
Page 184 and 185: 148Table 11.4 Total Value Added per
Page 186 and 187: Figure 11.3 Total Value Added per c
Page 189 and 190: CHAPTER TWELVEConclusionsPatrick La
Page 191 and 192: Table 12.1 Summary of Expected and
Page 193 and 194: Valorization ofby-productsValue of
Page 195 and 196: Macro impact■ Total value addedpe
Page 197 and 198: across concession zones, with newer
Page 199 and 200: high yields. However, a mixed pictu
Page 201 and 202: governance and regulatory structure
Page 203 and 204: against price and exchange rate ris
Page 205 and 206: Improvements in the Delivery of Ext
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esistant, “stacked” genes), and
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Just as improved sector management
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More-competitive systems are perhap
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■■■■Interprofessional commi
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were to occur, it would most likely
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APPENDIX AStatistical Tables181
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1989/90 43 111 383 40.7 95 0.491990
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1989/90 62 150 416 41.0 95 0.671990
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1989/90 43 89 482 41.3 95 0.651990/
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1989/90 99 189 521 42.8 85 0.541990
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1997/98 31 327 95 33 to 35 2,950 83
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1994/95 82 344 238 33 207.0 40.0119
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Table A8 ZambiaSeasonLint productio
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Table A9 ZimbabweSeasonLint product
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Table A10 Ginning and FOB-to-CIF Co
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1997/98 1.64 598 210 75 49 74 7.619
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1987/88 17,609 31,238 564 414 911 4
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206 NOTES11. Important cotton secto
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208 NOTES47. Benin is not included
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210 NOTES79. In Zimbabwe and Zambia
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BIBLIOGRAPHYBadiane, Ousmane, Dhane
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and Instability, ed. A. Sarris and
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World Bank. 2007. Strategies for Co
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CFA exchange rate, 17-18b, 19fcompa
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input credit and extension in, 77-8
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firm types, 211n93fixed prices, for
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productivity, 119, 121f, 205n8,209n
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key indicators, 56-58, 57-58t,155-5
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focus group discussions by farmerty
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technology transfer, 170-71by typol
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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