Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa ... - infoDev

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82Table 6.1 Summary of Input Supply and Extension SystemsIndicatorsCountryCurrentsectorstructure andgovernanceMechanisms forextension andinput creditsupplyPercentage ofcotton inputsourcedindependentlyby farmersReceiving somecotton inputcreditReceiving someextension advice;quality of adviceUsinginorganicfertilizersAdequacy andquality ofpackagereceived oncreditCostCreditrepaymentratesËËËËËLESS COMPETITIVEMaliCameroonNationalmonopolyNationalmonopolyExtension and inkindcredit byCMDT tofarmer throughcooperatives;littleoperationalinvolvement byfarmersExtension and inkindcreditjointly managedand financed bySODECOTONand farmerapex; decreasinginvolvement ofSODECOTONNegligibleNegligible, butreliance onSODECOTONis decreasing≈ 100% cottonfarmers, >90%all farmers incotton zones≈ 100% cottonfarmers, >90%all farmers incotton zonesProvision comparableto input credit;quality decliningover timeProvision comparableto input credit;quality trend notclear≈ 100%≈ 100%Treated seed, urea,compound,pesticides, someherbicides;questions aboutseed quality andappropriatenessof fertilizerreceivedTreated seed, urea,compound,pesticides, someherbicides; littleor noadjustment todiffering agroecologicalconditionsStandard packageUS$119/ha(“at cost”)35%–45% ofmeanproductionvalueStandard packageUS$123/ha(“at cost”)35%–45% ofmeanproductionvalue95%; fell to90% asearly as200195%–99%.;fell to90% 2006Burkina Faso Local monopoly Extension and inkindcredit by3 companies tofarmers, withsome limitedoperationalNegligible;intention totransfer task tofarmers, butlimited progress≈ 100% cottonfarmers, 85% ofall farmersacross wholecotton zoneProvision comparableto input credit;quality trend notclear≈ 100%Treated seed, urea,compound,pesticides, someherbicides; littleor noadjustmentStandard packageUS$171/ha45%–55%meanproductionvalue; seed95%
involvement offarmerorganizationsto differingagro-ecologicalconditionssold at 55% ofcostMozambique Local monopoly Extension and inkindcreditfrom ginningcompanies;highly variablequality;negligibleinvolvement offarmerorganizationsNegligible≈ 100% cottonfarmers, >80%all farmers inkey cottonzonesNegligible in Nampula(center of creditdefault problems);substantially higheroutside Nampula≈ 0%Highly variableacrosscompanies; mixof treated anduntreated seed;somepesticides; littleor no fertilizerHighly variable.TypicallyUS$10–US$3/ha, 10%–20%meanproductionvalue. Seedfree.Highlyvariable:60%–90%ËËËËËZambia Concentrated Extension andin-kind creditfrom mainginningcompanies; nooperational roleto date forfarmerorganizationsNegligible≈ 100% cottonfarmers,30%–35% allfarmers incotton districtsProvision comparableto input credit;quality typicallybetter fromCargill, thoughDunavant attractsoutside funding20%–30%(foliaronly,thoughnot justformicronutrients)Treated seed,pesticides (5–6sprays), somefoliar fertilizerfor 2 or 3 maincompanies; seedand limitedpesticides fromothersUS$20–US$30/ha, 10%–20%meanproductionvalue; someevidence thatsold abovemarket ratesTypically85%–98%.Fallsbelow70%duringperiodiccrisesZimbabweConcentrated(becomingcompetitive)Extension and inkindcreditfrom ginners;highly variablequality; maincompanies(COTTCO,Cargill) highlyselective of bestfarmers, othersto get mostlypoor farmersUp to 60% early2000s, nowfalling90%–95% cottonfarmers (upfrom 40% early2000s);70%–80% of allfarmers in maincotton zonesPrimarily fromCOTTCO andCargill plus somefrom state beforeeconomic crisis;quality that washigh but moreattention to loanrecovery sincenew entry45%,coveringnearly90% ofcottonareaCOTTCO: treatedseed, fertilizers,chemicals; somenewercompanies: onlyseed andlimitedchemicalsCOTTCO:US$237/ha,43% meanproductionvalue;others:US$50–US$90/ha, 33%–39%meanproductionvalue90% hasfallensinceearly2000s(continued)83
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTOr
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AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTSe
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© 2009 The International Bank for
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Section II. Historical Background a
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BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLESBoxes2.1
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5.2 Summary of Pricing Mechanisms i
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eference are limited to neighboring
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was carri
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ABBREVIATIONS¢ U.S. centACPAgricul
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US$U shWAEMUWCAWTOU.S. dollarUganda
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output markets, improving productiv
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etween these competing needs, provi
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■■■■■competition increase
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monopolies range from 0.98 to 1.15,
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macroeconomics, developments in com
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central body and that the state nee
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CHAPTER ONEIntroductionDavid Tschir
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The debate about how to deal with t
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Figure 1.1 Map of Africa Highlighti
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hypotheses about sector performance
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to reach 25 million tons of lint in
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cotton production was introduced in
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Figure 2.2 Nominal Cotton Prices (U
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Box 2.1 (Continued)Togo, 39 percent
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Box 2.2 Cotton SubsidiesCotton subs
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efers specifically to the presence
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picking, storage, handling, or tran
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national monopoly (state-owned or p
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SECTION TWOHistorical Background an
Page 68 and 69: shares belonging to governments, an
Page 70 and 71: Changes Made Since the End of the 1
Page 72 and 73: long-term development strategies, (
Page 74 and 75: possible link between price-setting
Page 76 and 77: production fell further, to lows of
Page 78 and 79: all aspects of the chain from input
Page 80 and 81: suggestions (a) of establishing fas
Page 82 and 83: Figure 4.1 Decision Tree for Cotton
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2 African Cotton Sector Ty
Page 86 and 87: Box 4.1 Is This Typology Specific t
Page 88 and 89: 52Table 4.1 Trading Off: Strengths
Page 90 and 91: CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE LINKS BETW
Page 92 and 93: chosen in this book and the impact
Page 94 and 95: Table 4.3 Expected Performance alon
Page 96 and 97: Box 4.2 (Continued)Second, farmers
Page 99: SECTION THREEComparative Analysis:C
Page 102 and 103: PRICING MECHANISMS IN WCAPricing me
Page 104 and 105: efore planting, price risk in the s
Page 106 and 107: Table 5.3 Summary of Producer Share
Page 108 and 109: Finally, FOT price shares in WCA ro
Page 110 and 111: MALI AND CAMEROON: GOVERNMENT MONOP
Page 112 and 113: Significant in Mozambique, the comp
Page 114 and 115: Zimbabwe transitioned during the 19
Page 116 and 117: Box 6.1 (Continued)A move from a co
Page 120 and 121: 84Table 6.1 (Continued)IndicatorsCo
Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER SEVENQuality ControlGérald
Page 125 and 126: Tanzania Competitive 1 2 Very lax n
Page 127 and 128: Figure 7.1 Estimated Premium for To
Page 129 and 130: all fiber coming from Africa—are
Page 131 and 132: Box 7.1 (Continued)newly liberalize
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER EIGHTValorization of SeedCo
Page 135 and 136: competitive market in some of the o
Page 137 and 138: a few years, it indicates that some
Page 139 and 140: should eventually make a difference
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER NINECotton ResearchDuncan B
Page 143 and 144: With regard to human and financial
Page 145 and 146: ■■■Be involved in setting res
Page 147 and 148: made royalty payments to CRI. When
Page 149: and to identify complementary inves
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER TENYields and Returns toFar
Page 155 and 156: fact that 55 percent of cotton is p
Page 157 and 158: Yields by Farmer TypeTo assess perf
Page 159 and 160: Factors beyond company services als
Page 161 and 162: Table 10.1 Summary Crop Budgets by
Page 163 and 164: According to the focus group inform
Page 165 and 166: Figure 10.6 Net Margins after All C
Page 167 and 168: All other variables in the budgets
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Table 10.2Summary of Average Yield
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■■■■impression is given tha
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were based on a 2005 cotton farmer
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more recent data are not available
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Figure 11.1 Estimated Average Ginni
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to buy seed cotton immediately afte
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146Table 11.3 Overall Competitivene
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148Table 11.4 Total Value Added per
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Figure 11.3 Total Value Added per c
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CHAPTER TWELVEConclusionsPatrick La
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Table 12.1 Summary of Expected and
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Valorization ofby-productsValue of
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Macro impact■ Total value addedpe
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across concession zones, with newer
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high yields. However, a mixed pictu
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governance and regulatory structure
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against price and exchange rate ris
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Improvements in the Delivery of Ext
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esistant, “stacked” genes), and
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Just as improved sector management
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More-competitive systems are perhap
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■■■■Interprofessional commi
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were to occur, it would most likely
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APPENDIX AStatistical Tables181
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1989/90 43 111 383 40.7 95 0.491990
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1989/90 62 150 416 41.0 95 0.671990
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1989/90 43 89 482 41.3 95 0.651990/
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1989/90 99 189 521 42.8 85 0.541990
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1997/98 31 327 95 33 to 35 2,950 83
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1994/95 82 344 238 33 207.0 40.0119
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Table A8 ZambiaSeasonLint productio
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Table A9 ZimbabweSeasonLint product
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Table A10 Ginning and FOB-to-CIF Co
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1997/98 1.64 598 210 75 49 74 7.619
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1987/88 17,609 31,238 564 414 911 4
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206 NOTES11. Important cotton secto
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208 NOTES47. Benin is not included
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210 NOTES79. In Zimbabwe and Zambia
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BIBLIOGRAPHYBadiane, Ousmane, Dhane
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and Instability, ed. A. Sarris and
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World Bank. 2007. Strategies for Co
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CFA exchange rate, 17-18b, 19fcompa
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input credit and extension in, 77-8
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firm types, 211n93fixed prices, for
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productivity, 119, 121f, 205n8,209n
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key indicators, 56-58, 57-58t,155-5
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focus group discussions by farmerty
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technology transfer, 170-71by typol
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ECO-AUDITEnvironmental Benefits Sta
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