Perceptions of CO2 Report - Global CCS Institute

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•Extra CO 2 is put in the air in greenhouses to help plants grow•CO 2 is used in some fire extinguishersInfoBProvidedInfoBProvidedInfoCProvidedInfoDInfoNyosInfoHotSpringInfoPaintfactoryInfoDomeInfoMtMammothInfoCInfoCapture 0.194 **InfoTransportInfoCauseEarthquakeInfoLiquidLikeInfoUndergroundInfoLeakSoilInfoLeakCracks -0.114 *InfoCO 2andCCInfoWhatCCS 0.073 **Lake Nyos is a crater lake in the Northwest Region ofCameroon, containing large amounts of CO 2 from volcanicactivity. In 1986 a large cloud of CO 2 was emitted suddenly andbecame trapped in the valley, suffocating 1,700 people and3,500 livestock in nearby villages.At some hot springs such as Nagayu in Japan and BadNauheim in Germany, people experience health benefits suchas good blood circulation through bathing in water with highCO 2 concentrations (about 1%).In Moenchengladbach, Germany, 107 people were injured (and13 of those were treated in hospital) when a CO 2 fireextinguisher system of a paint factory malfunctioned and CO 2was released. The nearby area was sealed off for a time andresidents were ordered to shut their windows and go to higherfloors.For millions of years, CO 2 has been securely sealedunderground in natural underground CO 2 reservoirs. Forexample, in the USA, CO 2 fields called the Jackson, McElmo,and St. Johns Domes were formed millions of years ago, andtogether hold 2.4 billion tons of CO 2.In Mammoth Mountain, USA, a large volume of CO 2 seepingfrom volcanic activity underground has been killing nearbytrees.In industry the capture and compression of CO 2 is commonpractice. The risks associated with capturing CO 2 from theproduction process are well known and managed.The CO 2 can be transported in a gas or liquid form usingpipelines across large distances. Leaks in pipelines can occur.There is a small chance the leaked CO 2 will accumulate nearthe leakage point. The USA has a CO 2 pipeline system over3000 km long which has been in use for more than 20 years.There have been no accidents involving injuries or death.The injection of liquid-like CO 2 underground can cause microearthquakes similar to those caused by natural gas extraction.The CO 2 will enter the storage in a liquid-like form and will notreturn to a gaseous form as long as it is exposed to typicalpressure and temperature found deep underground. Here it willspread out through tiny holes in the rock formation.Underground, liquid-like CO 2 may affect microbial populationswhich are important for ecosystem stability, affect nutrientsupply, acidify ground water and affect the movement of metalsand/or other contaminants.If CO 2 leaks from the storage or injection point into thesurrounding soil, there is a small chance it might acidify topsoiland/or impact groundwater and possibly drinking water.If liquid-like CO 2 is stored appropriately, there is a very smallchance that small quantities of it would leak through poorlysealed wells, tears and cracks in the caprock layer of theunderground storage.Carbon dioxide, or CO 2, is one of the green house gases.Concentrations of CO 2 in the air are increased, which is said tobe one of the main causes of climate change. Many countries,Australia included, consider it very important to reduce CO 2emissions. One way to reduce CO 2 emissions is CO 2 captureand storage.There are three main steps to successful CO 2 capture andstorage.1) The first step is to capture and separate the CO 2 from othergases, either before or after the fuel, such as coal or naturalgas, is burned.2) The second step is to transport the captured CO 2 to a76 | Understanding how individuals perceive carbon dioxide
storage location.3) The final step is storage. The aim is to store the CO 2underground, virtually permanently. Storage involves injectingliquid-like CO 2 into rock about 1,000 m below the Earth’ssurface. Here it will not return to a gaseous form while exposedto typical pressure and temperature found at this depthunderground. A large amount of stored CO 2 could be trappedunderground. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs provide onepossibility for long-term storage and another is in geologicalformations called saline aquifers (i.e. rock formations filled withsaline water).InfoExtraEnergyCO 2 capture and storage technology can either be designedinto new power plants or fitted onto existing older power plants.New power plants with CO 2 capture and storage technologycan reduce CO 2 emissions by approximately 80-90% but theyuse about 25% extra energy and require additional equipmentcompared to older conventional power stations.CCS Consequence (order effects)NationalGovNational government agencies/organisationsLocalGov 0.064 ** Local/regional government agencies/organisationsNationalTVNational television programs that I watchNationalPaper 0.054 * National newspapers that I readLocalPaperLocal newspapers and television that I read/watchScientist 0.073 ** Scientists/researchersTrustworthysourceDeveloperNationalNGO -0.075 **LocalNGO -0.054 *Project developers, energy companies etcNational and/or international non-government organisations(NGOs) such as Greenpeace or WWFLocal NGOs and/or community groups, residents' associationsetc.Friend -0.059 ** Friends, neighbours, familyWebsite -0.065 ** Interactive websites (e.g. blogs, wikis etc.)CO 2 relatedactivityUNagency 0.049 *ActivityNatureEnvironmentUnited Nations organisations such as the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC)Do you have any professional or recreational activities whichrelate to CO 2?NatureEnvironmentInformationgatheringtopicsPhysics 0.043 * PhysicsNews 0.036 * NewsTechnologyTechnologyBiologyBiologyScience 0.061 ** ScienceUniv_dmyFemale_dmy -0.045 *DemographicsU20s_dmya30s_dmya40s_dmyUnderstanding how individuals perceive carbon dioxide | 77
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Enquiries should be addressed to:Dr
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Part V Conclusion and Recommendatio
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TablesTable 1: Combination of infor
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Executive summaryCarbon dioxide cap
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Recommendations derived from this w
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1 IntroductionClimate change has of
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2.2 Perceptions of CO 2Very little
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• perceptions about the nature an
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3 OverviewThis research project’s
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5 Internet surveyFindings from the
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Respondents were provided with eith
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6 Administration of the survey6.1 T
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Part III Results16 | Understanding
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7.1.2 KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS OF
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7.2 Quantitative resultsThe followi
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PropertiesKnowledge about CO 2 ’s
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UsesRespondents were asked about th
Page 36 and 37: 7.2.3 PERCEPTIONS OF CO 2First asse
Page 38 and 39: 7.2.4 AWARENESS AND PERCEPTIONS OF
Page 40 and 41: First assessmentError! Reference so
Page 42 and 43: Second assessmentPerceptions were a
Page 44 and 45: formed their opinion using the CCS
Page 46 and 47: Table 18, Appendix F. Furthermore,
Page 48 and 49: DF DF DFInfoACO 2characteristicsInf
Page 50 and 51: Table 20 in Appendix F shows the re
Page 52 and 53: 8 DiscussionThis international rese
Page 54 and 55: eflect how close the potential CCS
Page 56 and 57: eceived information about natural p
Page 58 and 59: Part V Conclusion andRecommendation
Page 60 and 61: 9.2 Recommendations9.2.1 NEED FOR E
Page 62 and 63: Part VI Appendices andReferences52
Page 64 and 65: Q: How did your images and understa
Page 66 and 67: Q: What kind of information about C
Page 68 and 69: Q5Q6Q7Q8Q9AQuestion statementsHere
Page 70 and 71: BCQuestion statementsPlease read th
Page 72 and 73: Q13Q14Q15Question statementsNext yo
Page 74 and 75: Appendix D Participant Demographics
Page 76 and 77: Appendix E Selected Qualitative Res
Page 78 and 79: • “Water is such a precious thi
Page 80 and 81: Univ_dmy - - - - -Female_dmy - - -
Page 82 and 83: The table above shows the compariso
Page 84 and 85: Set B: CCS impressionTable 12: Regr
Page 88 and 89: a50s_dmyO60s_dmyCsea_dmyAdjusted R-
Page 90 and 91: ionCCSawarenessCO 2Clean1CO 2Useful
Page 92 and 93: Table 14: ANOVA (three factors) for
Page 94 and 95: Table 16: Regression analysis on in
Page 96 and 97: CO 2relatedactivityInformationgathe
Page 98 and 99: CO 2 relatedactivityInformationgath
Page 100 and 101: Table 18: ANOVA (four factors) for
Page 102 and 103: Table 20: Regression analysis on in
Page 104 and 105: gathering topics Environment - - -0
Page 106 and 107: Creswell, J. W. (2002). Research de
Page 108: Shackley, S., Gough, C., & McLachla
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