A Closer Examination of the HIV/Fertility Linkage ... - Measure DHS

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Figure 4: Trends in percentage of women who are currently married,by age group, Zimbabwe 1988-2006100%90%80%1988/1989199419992005/200670%Percentage of Women60%50%40%30%20%10%0%15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49Age GroupOne method of reducing fertility and lessening the probability of contracting HIV is byhaving less sex. Figure 5 shows the percentage of women who have had sexual intercourse inthe four weeks before the survey, by urban and rural status. These fall over time for both groups.This could be due to a behavioral shift, or changes in the availability of partners.18
Figure 5: Trends in sexual activity among urban versus rural women, Zimbabwe 1988-2006Urban1988/1989811994801999782005/200673Rural1988/1989761994711999702005/2006650 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Percent Having Sex in the Past 4 WeeksFigures 6 and 7 show trends in contraceptive use. Modern contraception constitutes themajority of use, and trends in its use are increasing over time for most surveyed groups. Theonly declining use of modern methods occurs in 2005/2006 for sexually active 15-to-19-yearolds (Figure 6) and sexually active urban women (Figure 7). A mechanism that can contributeboth to lower fertility levels and reduced HIV prevalence is correct and consistent condom use.Figure 7 shows the percentage of sexually active women in urban versus rural locations whoreport current condom use. Noticeably, these numbers are very low; the highest is 3.1% forurban women in 1999. In the time period that the HIV epidemic has leveled off, condom usedeclines to even lower levels. This suggests that changes in condom use are not playing aparticularly strong role in trends related to HIV and fertility over the survey period.19
Page 2 and 3: The DHS Working Papers series is an
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe have benefited f
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTIONRecent research has sug
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1: Fertility behavior respon
Page 11 and 12: worry about passing the virus to an
Page 13 and 14: Changes in fertility outcomes: Whet
Page 15 and 16: of the increased likelihood of pass
Page 17 and 18: 12 percent. Reductions in fertility
Page 19 and 20: Actions to put fertility desires in
Page 21 and 22: Zimbabwe1. Trends in HIV prevalence
Page 23: Figure 3: Trend in ideal number of
Page 27 and 28: Finally, to understand whether wome
Page 29 and 30: Uganda1. Trends in HIV prevalence a
Page 31 and 32: 3. Trends in fertility action: mari
Page 33 and 34: Modern contraceptive use is growing
Page 35 and 36: Figure 15: Trends in number of mont
Page 37 and 38: 2. Trends in fertility desiresWomen
Page 39 and 40: Figure 19: Trends in sexual activit
Page 41 and 42: 4. Summary for Burkina FasoIn many
Page 43 and 44: CONCLUSIONSThis paper has investiga
Page 45 and 46: REFERENCESCasterline EL. 2003. Fert

A Closer Examination of the HIV/Fertility Linkage ... - Measure DHS

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