Approaches for Business Process oriented knowledge management

Universität Potsdam
Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsinformatik
und Electronic Government
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau
August-Bebel-Str. 89
14482 Potsdam
Tel. (0331) 977-3379
Fax (0331) 977-3406
http://wi.uni-potsdam.de
International Business Process Management
Systematic Use of Knowledge in Business
Processes
Dipl. - Kfm. Carsten Brockmann
7th of May 2012

Agenda
Motivation for launch of process oriented knowledge
management
PROMOTE
Business Process Oriented Knowledge management
(GPO-WM®)
Modelbased knowledge management
KMDL - Knowledge Modelling and Description Language
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Systematic use of knowledge in Business Processes

Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Motivation for launch of
process oriented knowledge
management

usiness organizational point of view
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Concentration on processes and IT systems by the process
consideration
Business processes
Are all
parameters
considered?
IT based point of view

Competitive factor knowledge
Challenges
Appearence of expensive errors through not available information
Loss of critical knowledge through cutting-out of particular persons
Rising decentralization of business -> rising decentralization of knowledge
Alongside traditionally knowledge intensive activities, e.g. Product
Development or Consultancy, strongly standardized processes as order
processing became more and more flexible
Investigation and improvement of business processes in terms of
effective knowledge processing
Consideration of documented (explicit) knowledge and knowledge of
employees (implicit)
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Allweyer,, 1998

Perceptions in knowledge management
Technology - > Knowledge management as knowledge representation
Procedures to administrate particular "knowledge objects"
Reproduction of knowledge in the form of linked knowledge
objects inside of information systems
Organization -> Knowledge management as organization composition
Complete recording of knowledge is possible only in few
application areas
Composition object of knowledge management are processes in
which knowledge processing occurs
People - > Knowledge management as learn process
Processing of knowledge occurs in the internal learning processes
of individuals and groups
Only indirect influence through composition of supporting factors
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management

Knowledge management in practice - problems
Assignement of KM projects in IT area
Consequence: knowledge management = launch of new software
application
Concentration on "right" definition of knowledge
12
11
1
10
2
9
8
7
3
4
5
6
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Consequence: high time loss with project execution or unsatisfying
results
No integration of KM activities in real life
Consequence: existence of knowledge management solutions
parallel to "daily work"
Concept of the knowledge exchange primarily from the employee's point of view
Consequence: no demand-oriented knowledge management

Perspective change in knowledge management
Approach
Challanges
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Analysis of existing environment = recognition of demand at
value adding place
Boundary of considered processes
Difficulties by process identification
Disability of existing BP tools to model processes
Absence of considiration of special requirements

Knowledge intensity and process complexity
Process complexity
Field analysis
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Promotion
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Planning
Information management
Wissensintensität
System development
Law
Product innovation
R&D
Appeal management
Leasing
KM-Projects 1.Priority
KM-Projects 2.Priority
cmp. Eppler M. (2000)

Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Attribute catalog for identification of knowledge intensive
business processes
Attribute classes Dimension Attributes for ki- BP
Integrative attributes Organization and culture Open business structure, e.g. Lattice
Structure
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Environment Area with high R&D dependency
Process related attributes Complexity High amount of process branches
Variability High amount of exceptions
Level of structuring Low structuring
Task related attributes Controlling Not exact objectives and
measurement
Learning time Long learning times
Employee related attributes Decision latitude Small decision latitude
Expertise High employee expertise
Resource related attributes Complexity complex, strong context dependancy
Access Knowledge not easily accessible
Knowledge kind Process knowledge
Knowledge exchange informal
Remus 2002
Eppler 2000

Use of integrative consideration
Connection (= integrative considiration) of
Business Process Management
Knowledge
Orientation on knowledge intensive business processes means KM
measures on the value adding chain
Change from offer oriented to demand oriented knowledge
management requests user acceptance
Assurence of exact placing of KM projects
Improved revision and evaluation of KM measures because of direct
process realtion
Decrease of complexity in KM projects
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management

Approaches for Business Process oriented knowledge
management
ARIS
KMDL
Business Process
modelling
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Motivation for launch of Process Oriented knowledge management
Business Process
support
Business Process
execution
GPO-WM
PROMOTE
Business Process
composition
KMDL
according to Strohmaier 2005

PROMOTE

Assumption of PROMOTE
Business process = the Know-How-Plattform of business
Potentials through integrated knowledge management
Quality improvement
Prevention of work duplication through experience transfer
Time saving through targeted Information-/Knowledge access
Reduction of interfaces through broad task design
Elimination of control layers through advanced decision competence
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
PROMOTE
Karagiannis (2002), p. 65

Differentiation between two knowledge characteristics
Function knowledge covers the knowledge in process (flows in and
between the business processes)
Process knowledge covers the knowledge about the process
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
PROMOTE
Karagiannis (2002), p. 76f

Meaning of knowledge flow
Starting point
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Knowledge intensive task (KIT)
Knowledge Intensive Task
(KIT)
Core task of business process oriented knowledge management
Allow optimal knowledge flows between KIT
Realization of knowledge flow through knowledge processes
Record and localize
Transfer and separation
Generate
PROMOTE
Relevant knowledge processes and their implementation result from business
process requirements.
i.A.a. Karagiannis (2002), p.70; 79f

Examples of knowledge flows
a. Inside of processes
b. Between several equal
processes (entity)
c. Between different processes
d. From external
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
PROMOTE
North 2000

Possible knowledge processes
Find contact person
Search in Yellow Pages
Search for authors of expert's reports in same cases
Knowledge spreading
Mailing Lists or Frequently Asked Questions
Workshops
Knowledge storage
Storage of Lessons Learned
Knowledge management processes
Can be modelled as business processes
Consist of operational KM activities
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
PROMOTE
i.A.a. Karagiannis (2002), p. 69

Modelling with PROMOTE by example of knowledge searching
Information
Business process
Accumulation
Selection of
relevant knowledge
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
KIT
Identification KIT
Assignment of knowledge management
process to business process
Organizational
Memory
Knowledge process
Execution of knowledge process in
business knowledge context
PROMOTE
nach Hinkelmann, 2002

Tool: ADONIS - From Process knowledge to
function knowledge
Definition of
knowledge kinds and
form in which the
knowledge exist
Definition of knowledge
intensive activities
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Definition of knowledge
bearer
Analysis of knowledge flows
(inside and between processes and
persons)
PROMOTE

Business Process- oriented
Knowledge Management
(GPO-WM®)

Motivation of GPO- WM
Absense of explicit connection between suggested knowledge
management approach and business process
Adjustment on classical business process modelling but advanced
through knowledge aspects
Consideration of implicit and explicit knowledge
Process specific deduction of knowledge management actions,
which consist of previously identified KM Best-Practices
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Business process oriented knowledge management (GPO-WM®)
Heisig, 2002
Mertins et. al, 2001

GPO- WM approach: Integrated business modeling
IUM object
classes
Generic
activity model
Connectors
IUM-class "product"
passed attributes
- Ident.
- Structure (is part of, composed of)
- Relations to other objects
- Functions executed on product
- Status in product life cycle
product-specific attributes
"Objects which
are processed"
(e.g "Products")
Object "product"
(Status n)
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Business process oriented knowledge management (GPO-WM®)
IUM-class "order"
passed attributes
- Ident.
- Structure (is part of, composed of)
- Relations to other objects
- Functions executed on order
- Status in order life cycle
product-specific attributes
Order:
stimulates activity
Action
Resource:
executes the activity
sequential parallel Case differentiation
IUM-class "resource"
passed attributes
- Ident.
- Structure (is part of, composed of)
- Relations to other objects
- Functions executed on resource
- Status in resource life cycle
product-specific attributes
"processed objects"
Object "product"
(Status n + 1)
Consolidation
Loops
Heisig (2002), p. 50f

GPO- WM approach: knowlege activities
Create knowledge
Save knowledge
Spread knowledge
Apply knowledge
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Business process oriented knowledge management (GPO-WM®)
Apply

Closed knowledge circuit
Goal & Processing
Control of proximity of knowledge circuit
Composition of existing knowledge circuits (formal support)
If necessary concept of new knowledge circuits on the basis of earlier
identified Best-Practices of KM (Mertins et al. 2001)
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Business process oriented knowledge management (GPO-WM®)
Heisig (2000), p. 59ff

GPO- KM Composition object
Controlling
Staff management
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Apply
Applicate
knowledge
Spread
knowledge
Business process oriented knowledge management (GPO-WM®)
Process organization
Value adding
Business processes
Corporate culture
Create
knowledge
Save
knowledge
Information technology
Guidance system
Heisig (2002), S.55

Tool: Mo²Go
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Business process oriented knowledge management (GPO-WM®)
Heisig, 2002

Model based
Knowledge Management

Concept
Central point of contact is a business process
Consideration of knowledge intensive operative business process
and specific knowledge process
used knowledge term
Knowledge is context specific
Explicit representation of knowledge
Implicit knowledge is represented
by knowledge cards
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Delete knowledge
Identify old, irrelevant
knowledge
delete knowledge from active
asset
Archive knowledge
Use knowledge
Apply knowledge in
business processes
Model based Knowledge Management
Provide knowledge
Provide extern knowledge
Create knowledge
Develop knowledge further
Up date knowledge
Knowledge
processing
Represent knowledge
Document knowledge
Prepare knowledge
Arrange knowledge
Connect knowledge
Document meta structure
Transfer knowledge
Transfer knowledge
Allocate knowledge
Search & find knowledge
Find bearer of knowledge
Transfer knowledge directly
from person to person
Allweyer, 1998

Model based knowledge management
Definition
Definiton
Systematic approach for planning, analysis
and rearrangement of knowledge processing
Enhancement of 4 level architecture model
with knowledge management activities
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Model based Knowledge Management
Implementation
Launch of knowledge management specific
model types
Representation of knowledge processing in
operative business processes
Modelling of specific knowledge processes
Modelbased navigation through knowledge
assets
Initial point for model based knowledge management are business process
models in form of EPC
Allweyer 1998

Knowledge structure diagrams
Business related knowledge is divided in categories
by content
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Model based Knowledge Management

Knowledge maps
Overview of existing knowledge and how it spreads in the company
Connection of knowledge objects and employees
Representation of place and content (if necessary document source)
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Project
management
knowledge
Leadership
competence
Model based Knowledge Management
Technology
knowledge

Advanced business process models
Expansion of business processes with elements of
knowledge processing
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Model based Knowledge Management

Specific knowledge process
Information about knowledge provided and used by process
execution for analysis of knowledge handling
New project reports
and evaluations
Documented
project knowledge
See project
reports
and evaluations
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Identify generally
relevant information
Knowledge about
knowledge demand
Knowledge about
knowledge
structure
Merge information
and bring
structure in it
Model based Knowledge Management
Documented branch
knowledge
Documented knowledge
about application area
Bring information
into intranet
Information was
brought into
intranet

Tool: ARIS
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Model based Knowledge Management

KMDL - Knowledge Modeling and
Description Language

Collected experience from KM projects
Action oriented by classical business process consideration
Only mapping process steps does not show real process cycle
Absent connection between concepts and approaches of knowledge
management and day-to-day operation
Often isolated consideration of business processes and knowledge basis of
company
Absent attention for knowleddge flow between employees beyond
organizational entities
No transparency in all existent knowledge resources (in particular
implicit employee knowledge) in the company
Overemphasis on recorded information (on computer or databases)
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
KMDL - Knowledge Modeling and Description Language

Development objectives of KMDL
Objectives
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
KMDL - Knowledge Modeling and Description Language
Use of modeling metapher for configuration of
knowledge intensive business projects
Overcoming of disabilities of conventional Business
Process tools and methods
In particular modeling of knowledge flows and
knowledge conversion
Demonstration of weaknesses (e.g. Knowledge
monopolies, unsatisfied knowledge request)

Explicit and implicit knowledge
Method basis
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
KMDL - Knowledge Modeling and Description Language
Separation explicit knowledge from implicit knowledge
Description of knowledge conversions
Properties of explicit knowledge
Person independent, for example patents, organigrams, guides
Easily externalized, e.g. through recording on media or through
writing down in documents
Properties of implicit knowledge
Assignment to particular persons in the company
Person dependent, viz. it is personal, context specific and because
of it hard to communicate
Hard to externalize, only with content loss possible
Polanyi (1958), Nonaka und Takeuchi (1990)

Kinds of knowledge conversion
Socialization
Internalization
Propagation of implicit knowledge
from person to person through
direct personal communication
Implicit knowledge objects
interact through bearer, particular
persons
Information conversion into
implicit knowledge
Creation of knowledge object with
help of one or several informations
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
KMDL - Knowledge Modeling and Description Language
Externalization
Combination
Conversion of implicit knowledge
into information is comprehended
Creation of information with help
of one or several knowledge
objects
Use of one or several information
sources for generation of new
information
Involvement of one or several
knowledge objects

Introduction of KMDL
methods

What is Knowledge Modeling and Description Language?
KMDL
K- Modeler
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of KMDL methods
Semiformal description language, consist of two model layers and one
procedural model
Modeling of knowledge and information flows
Visualization of knowledge conversions
http://www.kmdl.de
Based on Graphical Modeling Frameworks (GMF)
Plug-In for Eclipse
Graphic user interface
Functions: e.g. modelling, visualization, analysis
Download-link: http://www.k-modeler.de
[N. Gronau, J. Fröming, 2006]

KMDL development
Goals
Development
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of KMDL methods
Modelling metaphor for composition of knowledge intensive business
processes
Modelling, analysis and evaluation of knowledge flows and knowledge
conversions
Demonstration of knowledge potentials
KMDL v1.1 => process and cycle oriented (2001)
KMDL v2.0 => activity and conversion oriented (2005)
KMDL v2.1 => process and activity oriented (2007)

KMDL integration
Persons
Knowledge flows
Organizational
structure
Business processes
Application systems
Information
KMDL closes the gap between business processes and knowledge flows.
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
F i n a n z - u n d
P e r s o n a l a b t .
S B + P M
S B
S B
knowledge
object 1
knowledge
object 2
P I 1
A requirement
B
r o l e 1
activity 1
U n t e r n e h m e n s -
l e i t u n g
t a s k 1
E D V - A b t e i l u n g
S B + P M
S B
S B
i n f o r m a t i o n
s y s t e m
A N D
A
B
new
knowledge
object
r o l e 2
requirement
t a s k 2
t a s k 3
activity 2
Introduction of KMDL methods
F Funktion write
M Funktion note
M a r k e t i n g
i n f o r m a t i o n
s y s t e m
r o l e 3 i n f o r m a t i o n
s y s t e m
S B
Information
object
S B + P M
S B + P M
P I 2

KMDL procedural model
0 1 2
Project
initiation
Iterative execution
2.1
2.2
Target
agreement
and
Business
Process
choice
Processinspection
Subsequent entry
and Modeling
2.3
Model validation
through project manager
Inspection of
Processview
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Iterative execution
3
Identification
knowledgeintensive
tasks from
processview
Participation
Inspection of
Activity-view
4.1
Admission of
knowledge intensive task
4.2
4
Subsequent entry
and Modeling
4.3
Model validation
through project partner
5 6
Analysis and
Overview
Introduction of KMDL methods
Development
of to-be
concept
Deduction of
Improvement
recommendations
Classification and
assessment
Implemen
tation
Only through procedural model the method becomes transferable and therefore
applicable.
5.1
5.2
5.3
Identification and
Validation
5.4
Evaluation of
improvement potential
7
8
Evaluation
[Fröming et al., 2006]

KMDL model concepts
PI 1
Paul
Kathy
Process model
create
business plan
manager
AN D
process
financing
business plan
financier
plan
marketing
strategy
marketing
Activity model
produ ct idea
cu stomer
requirements
brainstorming
generate business
idea
task: create business plan
Paul
product idea
„TwoStep“
Kathy
abstraction
describe busin ess
plan
write
F Funktion
text
M Funktion note
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
PI 2
business p lan
Introduction of KMDL methods
Contribute to simple process overview or process cycle
Representation of control flow
Contribute to closer description of specific tasks
Representation of knowledge and information flow inside
of one task
Knowledge intensive tasks are represented in an activity model. Thus the flow and creation of
knowledge are recognizable.
[N. Gronau, J. Fröming, 2006]

Process model
Objects
Example
control flow
belonging
XOR OR AND
logical operator
PI 1
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
create
business plan
manager
AND
task
process
process
financing
business plan
Introduction of KMDL methods
IS
PI
role
plan
marketing
strategy
process interface
information system
The process model contribute to representation of control flow.
financier
marketing
PI 2
[N. Gronau, J. Fröming, 2006]

Task and role
Task Role
Implementation Financing
Amount of tasks, which would not be
detailed further in the process level
Contribute to simple structuring of
processes
Tasks can be more specified through activity
view
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of KMDL methods
Bankier Proj. Projektleiter manager
Banker
Roles as processor are assigned to tasks in
the process view
Every person in the activity view participate
in one task in one specific role

Information system and process interface
Information system Process interface
Lotus Notes SAP R3
Represents information and communication
technology
Contribute to computer based recording,
storage, processing, care, analysis, use,
disposition, transfer and visualization of
information
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Process Prozess
A
Introduction of KMDL methods
Process Prozess
B
Contribute to consolidation of sub-processes
to process chains
Refer to other processes
Allow integrative evaluation of processes

Activity model
Objects
Example
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Paul
Kathy
socialization (green)
one-time repeated
externalization (blue)
one-time repeated
internalization (red)
one-time repeated
combination (grey)
one-time repeated
product idea
customer
requirements
brainstorming
generate business
idea
undefined conversion (black)
Introduction of KMDL methods
Strongly person oriented, because they are knowledge bearer!
conversion
task
information
object
knowledge
object
requirement
one-time repeated
task: create business plan
Paul
product idea
„TwoStep“
Kathy
abstraction
describe business
plan
person
undefined
Person
team
write
F Funktion
text
M Funktion note
belonging
business plan
F Funktion function
M Funktion
conversion
method
Listener
[N. Gronau, J. Fröming, 2006]

Knowledge and information objects
Knowledge object Information object
Persons or team knowledge in particular
knowledge area
Illustration of competence, knowledge,
capabilities, expirience, attitudes and
behaviour of one person
Characteristics: professional, methodical,
social skills and capacity to act
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of KMDL methods
Product Produktidee idea Customer Kundenbedarf demand Arbeitsbericht Work report Businessplan
Business plan
Representation of explicit (documented)
knowledge
Conventional form: e.g. texts, drawings or
diagrams on the paper,
Digital form: e.g. in documents, audio data,
bitmaps or video
Exist independent of persons

Requirement, Person and Team
Requirement Person and Team
Capacity to
Teamfähigkeit Java 2.0 Maier Person A
teamwork
For conversion realization or
accomplishment settled requirements
Covered through personal or team
knowledge
Differentiation: professional, methodical,
social, interactive and technical
requirements
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of KMDL methods
M-WISE Perso
Team n
Knowledge bearer: represents real existing
persons in the company
Team consists from several persons or teams
Accomplish tasks in knowledge intensive
business process

Conversion method and function
Conversion method Function
Document
Indicate how the knowledge conversion is
processed
Conversion methods are processed by
persons/teams
Display requirement on conversion
Must be covered by person/team as
knowledge object
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Categorize
Introduction of KMDL methods
Mail Calendar
M Dokumentieren Funktion M Kategorisieren Funktion
F Funktion Mail F Kalender Funktion
Represent function of information system
Cover technical requirements

Illustration of knowledge conversion with KMDL (1/2)
Socialization Combination
Person A Person B
Wissensobjekt
Sozialisation
Atomare
Konversion
M Beobachten Funktion
Sozialisation
Propagation of implicit knowledge from person to
person, e.g. through direct personal communication
(e.g. personal conversation, on the phone)
Method
Monitoring of others' behaviour
Practice (Application of seen, learning-by-doing)
Communication (direct human interaction)
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Wissensobjekt
Informationsobjekt
Kombination
M Austauschen Funktion
Introduction of KMDL methods
Atomare
Konversion
Kombination
Informationsobjekt
Unbestimmte
Person
Use of one or several information objects for generation
of new information
Method
Sort, categorize/classify
Aggregation
Adding/deleting (block-by-block), exchange
(record-by-record), integration
(word-by-word/symbol-by-symbol)

Illustration of knowledge conversion with KMDL (2/2)
Internalization Externalization
Informationsobjekt
Internalisierung Atomare
Konversion
Internalisierung
M Funktion Lesen
Conversion of information in implicit knowledge
Knowledge object is created by one or several
information objects
Method
Read (Text)
Watch (Text+Picture)
Hear (Text+Picture+Sound)
Learning by watching/reading/hearing
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Wissensobjekt
Person A
Person A
Wissensobjekt
Introduction of KMDL methods
Dokumen-
Funktion tieren
Externalisierung
Atomare
Konversion
Externalisierung
Informationsobjekt
Conversion of implicit knowledge into information
Information object is created through one or several
knowledge objects
Person connected aspects of implicit knowledge are lost
Method
Documentation(Headwords, text, graphic, model)
M

Characteristics of knowledge conversion
Person
Un-idirectional
One time exchange
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of KMDL methods
Informations-
Knowledge Wissensobjekt object Conversion Konversion
Konversion Wissensobjekt
objekt
Conversion
Knowledge object
Bi-directional
One time exchange
Information
object
Conversion Konversion Knowledge Wissensobjekt object
Person
N-time exchange
Knowledge conversion are represented as directed relationship with
different frequency.
[J. Fröming, D. Fürstenau, 2007]

Atomic conversions
Person A
Knowledge Wissensobjekt object
Atomare Atomic
conversion Konversion
Informations- Information
object objekt
Externalisierung
Externalization
Externalisierung
Externalization
Internalization Internalization
Internalisierung Internalisierung
Informations- Information
Atomare Atomic
Knowledge Wissensobjekt object
objekt object
conversion Konversion
M Funktion Read Lesen
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
M Funktion
Dokumen-
Document
tieren
Person A
Introduction of KMDL methods
Person A Person B
Beob-
M Funktion Monitor achten
Knowledge Wissensobjekt object
Sozialisation
Atomic Atomare
Knowledge Wissensobjekt object
conversion Konversion
Sozialisation
Socialization Socialization
Combination
Combination
Informations- Information
object objekt
Kombination Atomare Atomic
Konversion conversion
Kombination Informations- Information
object objekt
Aus-
M Exchange Funktion tauschen
Unbestimm undefined
te person
Person
Atomic conversions have exactly one input and output object.
[J. Fröming, D. Fürstenau, 2007]

Complex conversions
Components
Atomic conversions
Several input objects and one output object or
One input object and several output objects
Representation of complex circumstances
E.g. complex internalization: different information objects are internalized
in one knowledge objects
E.g. reading of several books about knowledge management creates an
overview of knowledge management
Informations- Information
object
objekt
Informations- Information
object objekt
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
...
Internalisierung Internalization
Komplexe
Internalization
Complex
Wissens-
Konversion
Knowledge
Internalisierung objekt
object
conversion
Internalization
Internalisierung
Introduction of KMDL methods
Person A
Complex conversions allow to identify ways of creating and knowledge objects
exactly.
[J. Fröming, D. Fürstenau, 2007]

Complex conversions
Components
Example
Informationsobjekt
...
Informationsobjekt
Internalisierung
Komplexe
Konversion
Internalisierung
Internalisierung
Wissensobjekt
Person A
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Atomic conversions
Several input objects and one output object or
One input object and several output objects
Introduction of KMDL methods
Complex internalization: different information objects are
internalized to one knowledge object, for example reading of
several books about knowledge management creates an overview of
knowledge management
Complex conversions allow to identify ways of creation of information and
knowledge objects exactly.

Abstract conversions
Different input and output objects
Sum of several conversions taking place
Sum of several existing conversions
Person B
Informations-
Information
object objekt
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Informations-
Information
Informations-
Information
objekt object
objekt object
... ...
Informations- Information
objekt object
Wissens-
Abstrakte Abstract
Wissens-
Person A Knowledge object
Person A
objekt
Konversion conversion Knowledge object
objekt
... ...
WissensWissens-
Knowledge object Knowledge object
objektobjekt
Introduction of KMDL methods
Person B
Ways of creating and assignment can not be retraced clearly in abstract
conversions.
[J. Fröming, D. Fürstenau, 2007]

Analysis and evaluation processes
Reports
Pattern
Views
free analysis
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of KMDL methods
e.g. object frequency reports (Person, information objects,
knowledge objects, conversions)
e.g. Multi-step Pattern (input or output objects)
e.g communication structure
e.g. Potential and weaknesses analysis

Which employees are frequently and unexpectedly asked
questions during the process?
L ehma nn
Stöbe r
Herman n
Linke
Lehmann
Produktfeature:
Dokumentation
Produktstrategie
Produktfeature
Produktfeature
Strategiepapier
Referen zkundenwünsche
Einplanung Produktfeature
Nutzwertanalyse
Nutzwert-
M Funkt ion
analyseF
Konkurrenzfeatures
Referenz -
kundenwünsche
Produktfeature
SOZ
Nutzenschätzung
durchführen
Produktstrategie
übe rp rü fen und
plan en
Lehmann
M System. Funktion Methoden
M Bra Funktion instorming
Komplexe
Konversion
Pr oduktfeature:
Dokumentation
Produktfeature:
Nutzwertanalyse
Planung und Verbreitung der Pro duktstra tegie
Chancen-
Risiken-Analyse
Nutzwertanalyse
Produktfeature
Produ ktstrate
gie
Chancen-Risiken-
M Funktion Analyse
Chancen und
Risiken schätzen
Produktfeature:
Nutzwertanalyse
Produktfeature:
Dokumentation
Produktfeature:
Chancen-Risiken
Chancen-
Risiken-Analyse
Umsetzungsaufwand
schätzen
Produktfeature:
Aufwand
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
L ehmann
Strategiep apier
Strate giepapier
anpassen
EXT
Komp lexe
Konversion
INT
Strate giepapier
M Funktion Lesen
Strategiepap ier
M Funktion Lesen
Lehmann
M Dokumentieren Funktion
Produktstrategie
Stragie papier
lesen
IF INPUT.qualität > „ausreichend“
INT Stragiep apier
lesen
Nutzwertanalyse
Aufwandsschätzverfahren
Produktfeature
INT
Aufwandsschätz-
M Funktion
verfahren
Prod uktstrate
gie
Prod uktstrate
gie
Produktstrategie
Stö ber
Hermann
Linke
Person
Mitarbeiter
Person / Team Frequency
Herr Lehmann 2
Frau Stöber 2
Herr Herrmann 2
Herr Schmidt 2
Employee 1
Person Frequency
Socialization 4
Internalization 11
Externalization 0
Combination 6
Unidentified 3
Introduction of KMDL methods
Lehmann
Stöber
Herrmann
Schmidt
Mitarbeiter
0 1 2
Pic. Occurrency Report
UNDEF
COMB
25,0%
12,5%
Kreis 1
SOZ
16,7%
INT
45,8%
Pic. Relevancy Report
The evaluation of model through reports gives advice about knowledge barriers.

Modelling and analysis of processes
Modelling of knowledge intensive SD-Processes (Distributed software
development)
Analysis of software development processes
Definition of qualification processes
Deduction of communication view
Identification of knowledge barriers
Creation of check lists and guide lines
Codequalität
300
Kundenbetreuer Feature
Produktkenntnisse
200
Vertrieb Bugliste
Unternehmensleitung
(Gruppe) Aufwand
Entwickler
Produktstrategie
Wissen MES
F&E ERP
0 1 2 3
Messeplan Kundenwichtigkeit
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
100
0
Marketing
Kundenbedarf
Kundenwertvorstellung
Kundenbetreuer
1
Vertrieb
Michael
Entwickler 0(Team)
Marc
F&E Wartung ERP ERP
0
0 1 23 3 4 5
1
0
1
Introduction of KMDL methods
Wartung ERP
1
4

KMDL- Application areas

Application area
Knowledge transfer
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
KMDL-Application areas
Representations of person related knowledge (Relation: person
knowledge object)
Search for experts is possible
Project management
Representation of requirements and person related knowledge
Requirements and knowledge balancing (e.g. staffing)
Qualification management
Requirements profile and qualification profile deduction (human
resources development)
KMDL helps to make knowledge related management decisions!

Simulation: Diffusion of knowledge in the company
Emulation of knowledge intensive business
processes / tasks
Input and output factors
Expertise level
Creativity level
Effectiveness
etc.
Rules for information and knowledge
spread
Increase vs. decrease
Process dependencies defenition
Transfer medium, buffer time
Conditions
etc.
Process simulations can substantiate management decisions in knowledge
management.
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Marketing
9: SLA
1: Strategy
2: Requirements
4: Functions
11: Tests
Partner
Developer
7: News
KMDL-Application areas
Distribution
3: ERP-Modul
6: Update
10: ERP-Modul
5: Support
8: Costs
Pic. Knowledge flow analysis
Customer
With what speed does the knowledge
spread?
which measures have an influence on the
spreading (support or hinder)?

Analysis of Computer Mediated Communication
Assignment of car racing network, for example in Wiki-applications
Analysis possibilities (Examples)
Group identification
Impact evaluation of particular
persons inside of Wikis
(knowledge library)
Comparison of formal
organizational structure with
virtual community structure
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Person 4
Person 2
Person 3
Person 1
Person 6
KMDL-Application areas
Person 1
Person 7
Person 9
Person 8
[C. Müller, 2006]

KMDL-Application areas
Network analysis:
Which are the turntables for knowledge in the company?
Analysis of
Information networks, e.g. theme networks
Knowledge networks, e.g. competence networks
Social networks, e.g. collaboration networks
Identification of
Central, frequently asked topics
Unused relations
Knowledge communities
Isolated persons or groups
Hidden competences
Chronological development of corporate
information and knowledge flows
Network analysis is a tool for publication and analysis of theme and
person networks in companies.
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Wiki
Tagging
Systems
Blogs
E-Mail
Soical
Network
Platforms

Which information and functions needs a knowledge worker?
Process based choice and adjustment of
IT-tools and knowledge services
Contents and meta structure
Access / presentation through individual views
Informationsobjekt
Person
F Funktion
Konversion
Wissensobjekt
Wissensobjekt
Informationsobjekt
Konversion
The knowledge infrastructure must be adjusted to the business process.
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Orientation Orientierung / /
Suche
search
E-Learning
Content Inhalte
(Publication,
(Publikation,
Struktur)
structure)
Skill
management
Management
CommKommunikation,unication, Collaboration
Process Prozess
Person 1
Person
KMDL
Team
KMDL
Process Funktionen des WMS Individuelle Sicht
Prozessmodell
model KMS functions Individual view
Aufgabe
F Funktion
Konversion
F Funktion
KMDL-Application areas
Wissens -
objekt
Informationsobjekt
F Funktion Informationsobjekt
Informationsobjekt
Informationsobjekt
Person 2

Introduction of K- Modeler

K- Modelers user interface
Navigator
Modeleditor
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Modelloverview
Introduction of K-Modeler
Property
window
Palette
http://k-modeler.de

Example process in K- Modeler
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Introduction of K-Modeler

Control questions
Which approach has the business process oriented knowledge
management?
Which approach of business process oriented knowledge
management have you learned and how can these be assigned?
What is a KIT by Promote?
Which knowledge activities does GPO-KM have?
What are knowledge maps by model based knowledge
management?
Which element is central in the KODA?
What is explicit and what is implicit knowledge?
Which forms of knowledge conversion can be differentiated?
What does KMDL stand for?
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Control questions

Literature
Strohmaier, M. B.: B-KIDE: A Framework and a Tool for Business Process Oriented Knowledge Infrastructure Development. Shaker Verlag
2005.
Allweyer, T.: Wissensmanagement mit ARIS-Modellen in Scheer: ARIS - Vom Geschäftsprozess zum Anwendungssystem, Springer-Verlag
1998
Nonaka, I., Takeuchi, H.: The Knowledge-Creating Company. How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford
University Press, New York, 1995.
Remus, U.: Prozessorientiertes Wissensmanagement. Konzepte und Modellierung. Dissertation, Universität Regensburg, Online verfügbar:
http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2002/80/ (Zugriff am 21.07.2005)
Hinkelmann, K. u.a.: PROMOTE - Methodologie und Werkzeug für geschäftsprozessorientiertes Wissensmanagement; In: A. Abecker, K.
Hinkelmann, H. Maus, H.J. Müller (eds.): Geschäftsprozessorientiertes Wissensmanagement (in German), Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Heidelberg, New York, 2002, 65-90.
Heisig, P.; GPO-WM - Methode und Werkzeuge zum geschäftsprozessorientierten Wissensmanagement. In: A. Abecker, K. Hinkelmann, H.
Maus, H.J. Müller (eds.): Geschäftsprozessorientiertes Wissensmanagement (in German), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York,
2002, 47-64.
Dämmig, I., Hess, U., Borgmann, C.: Kommunikationsdiagnose (KODA) - Einstiegsmethode und -werkzeug in das praktische
Wissensmanagement; In: A. Abecker, K. Hinkelmann, H. Maus, H.J. Müller (eds.): Geschäftsprozessorientiertes Wissensmanagement (in
German), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 2002, 123-158.
Gronau, N., Weber E.: Modeling of Knowledge Intensive Business Processes with the Declaration Language KMDL. In: Mehdi
Khosrow-Pour (edt.): Innovations Through Information Technology, Proceedings of the 14th Information Resources Management
Association International Conference, Idea Group Inc., 2004.
Gronau, N., Müller C., Uslar M.: The KMDL Knowledge Management Approach: Integrating Knowledge Conversions and Business Process
Modeling, In: D. Karagiannis, U. Reimer (eds.): Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004,
1-11.
c Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gronau, Universität Potsdam
Literature