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settle Scipio's veterans in Samnium and Apulia in 201-200, as well as the commission toestablish Venusia (200). 115Scipio Africanus has often been discussed as an example where a general drovethe foundation of colonies to further his military agenda. From 194 to 192, the southerncoast of peninsular Italy was peppered with citizen and Latin colonies. 1 ' While Scipioserved on none of the commissions to establish these colonies, he was consul the yearthey were elected and so he is often cited as their instigator. 117Scipio also retired to one1 |Qof the colonies, Liternum, after he fell out of favor in Rome in the 180s.This is thesort of example that tempts modern scholars to posit a theory of factional politics in theforming of colonies. Without further evidence it is not possible to say for certain ifScipio did push the senatus consultum that ordered the tribunes C. Atinius, Q. AeliusTubero, and perhaps M. Baebius Tamphilus to obtain a plebiscite to found these colonies.We also do not have enough evidence to say if some or even all of the colonizingplebiscites originated with a particular faction or magistrate; assertions to this effect, aswith the Scipionic example, are conjectural. 119115 Livy 31.4.1-2, 31.49.5. Cf. Feig Vishnia (1996), pp.116-117. Scullard (1951), p. 95 n. 4, and p. 83 n. 2,where he argues that the Xviri were chosen by the urban praetor M. Iunius Pennus expressly to slight Scipioand to acquire some of the allegiance of Scipio's soldiers for other factions. Not all of the commissionersare as unambiguously anti-Scipionic as Scullard asserts, however.116 These are Volturnum, Liternum, Puteoli, Salernum, Buxentum (Livy 32.29.3-4, 34.45.1-2), ViboValentia, Copia (Livy 34.53.1-2, 35.9.7-8, 35.40.5-6), Sipontum, Tempsa, and Croton (Livy 34.45.3-5).117 MRR 1.342-3. Scullard (1951), pp. 117-118 suggests that Scipio initiated the foundation of thesecolonies in response to a genuine fear of Antiochus' navy. He also links the foundation of Copia and ViboValentia to Scipionic policy (p. 123.) Briscoe (1973), p. 225 disagrees, noting that the threat of Antiochuswas not realized until late in the year, and so either plebiscite was passed at the end of 197 or fear ofAntiochus was not the primary motivation for the foundation of colonies along the coast.118 Livy 38.50-56. Cf. Salmon (1970), p. 97.119 Although occasionally the conjecture may be fruitful: see below for suggestions on how the commissionswere formed.83
Besides a prior military connection to the colonized territory, certain colonialcommissioners also had family ties to a specific region. For example, Cn. BaebiusTamphilus led the supplement for Sipontum in order to strengthen the ties that his brotherM. Baebius Tamphilus forged there eight years before. 120 C. Flaminius conceivablyassisted in continuing the Via Flaminia from Bononia to Arretium during his consulshipwith M. Aemilius Lepidus in 187 and was on the commission to found Aquileia (183).It is plausible that Flaminius was continuing the work of his father, C. Flaminius, who asa tribune pushed through a controversial agrarian law to divide the ager Gallicus Picinusamong Roman citizens in 232. 122The father also built the original Via Flaminia in 220 or219 BCE. 123 All of Flaminius' projects on the ager Gallicus were potential bids for anincreased clientele of Roman citizens and the settlement of veterans. 124Throughcontinuing the improvement of the region, C. Flaminius the younger would maintain andeven strengthen the client-bonds already formed. 125P. Claudius Pulcher might also have strengthened the client base which his gensmaintained in Campania through his participation in supplementing the colony of Cales in185. The Claudii established an interest in the area beginning in the fourth century with120 See above.121 Livy 39.2 (road) and 39.55.5-6 and 40.34.2-3 (Aquileia). MRR 1.367-8. Cf. Cassola (1962), p. 278 and427 n. 41. Cassola warns that we cannot be sure if the initiative to colonize Aquileia was Flaminius', butsee below for a discussion of how the commissioners might have influenced their election.122 For the suggestion that Flaminius is continuing the work of his father, see Broughton MRR pp. 368, 370n. 1; Cassola (1962), pp. 278 and 427 n. 41. Cf. Feig Vishnia (1996), p. 20 and 25-34, Mommsen (1953)2.635-7. For the relevant sources see Broughton MRR 1.229.123 Livy Per. 20. MRR 1.235-6. Feig Vishnia (1996), p. 24; Toynbee (1965), 2.276, 664.124 Feig Vishnia (1996), p. 32 and Toynbee (1965), 2.311-313.125 Maintaining clientele of his father had already proven beneficial: Cassola (1962), p. 389 notes thatbecause C. Flaminius (pr. Sicily 227) left a good impression on the Sicels, his son C. Flaminius (cur. aed.196) was able to bring a load of grain to sell cheaply in Rome (Livy 33.42.8).84
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NOT EFFIGIES PAR VAE POPULI ROMAN!:
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COPYRIGHTAmanda Jo Coles2009
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AcknowledgementsI give heartfelt th
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intention and colonial strategy hel
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List of TablesFigure 5.1: Influence
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Instead, through examination of the
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settlements in alien lands," and co
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in the late fourth century BCE; thu
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Aquileia in 181 BCE.Bispham also il
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II.Agency in Roman ColonizationFind
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Figure 1.1:The Statist Model ofRoma
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comparisons between religion in the
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BCE, when Roman power expanded and
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nomenclature of Paestum shows a mix
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determinant factors in the relation
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were soft and wealthy.In part, the
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contact with Magna Graecia or incre
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Reports to senate,founds templesGen
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defined landscape. The landscape wa
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neighbors: "[d]espite its undeniabl
Page 41 and 42: Roman religion, there was also no r
Page 43 and 44: propitiate. 113Yet, C. Marius was a
Page 45 and 46: This section addresses continuity a
Page 47 and 48: Capodifiume for at least the first
Page 49 and 50: Was Roman Religion Imposed on the C
Page 51 and 52: The Capitolium IssueEven as the gen
Page 53 and 54: VI.Evidentiary CautionsLiteratureUn
Page 55 and 56: two commissions, four of which mere
Page 57 and 58: certain far-flung mid-Republican co
Page 59 and 60: language and epigraphic tradition b
Page 61 and 62: of participation in many systems: s
Page 63 and 64: impelled each triumvir to seek or a
Page 65 and 66: locals, or Rome are given. 6Moreove
Page 67 and 68: Aesernia (263). 10 These colonies a
Page 69 and 70: Interamna Lirinas, but who those co
Page 71 and 72: after a mention of Scipio Africanus
Page 73 and 74: Valentia.The colonies of 194-192 we
Page 75 and 76: commissioners, P. Cornelius Scipio
Page 77 and 78: enough to note that the benefits to
Page 79 and 80: The questions arising from this con
Page 81 and 82: ends with the colony of Luna (177 B
Page 83 and 84: deported them to Samnium.Around 40,
Page 85 and 86: In the following section I will set
Page 87 and 88: the conservative faction sponsored
Page 89 and 90: What this geographical distribution
Page 91: consulship was uneventful, as a pro
Page 95 and 96: Thus, there is a pattern of magistr
Page 97 and 98: Sometimes, the colonists might have
Page 99 and 100: advancement.The exposure of such a
Page 101 and 102: Bononia, 154 as did the Fulvii in t
Page 103 and 104: their enemies, it certainly seems t
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 3: Commissioners and Foundi
Page 107 and 108: This chart completes the human half
Page 109 and 110: first century BCE. The lex coloniae
Page 111 and 112: political and personal motivations
Page 113 and 114: through the authority of the senate
Page 115 and 116: L. Cornelius Lentulus, the brother
Page 117 and 118: of settlement in Gaul and Liguria d
Page 119 and 120: their names to the presiding magist
Page 121 and 122: praetor, except in a supervisory ro
Page 123 and 124: familiarity with enrolling men, as
Page 125 and 126: sed occurrebat artimis quantos exer
Page 127 and 128: probably not a regulated endeavor,
Page 129 and 130: usually attended the consecration o
Page 131 and 132: et ab supero mari Senensis. cum uac
Page 133 and 134: colleges of these priests. In the c
Page 135 and 136: which one or more men on each commi
Page 137 and 138: games and sacrifices.In keeping wit
Page 139 and 140: a limited number of the priests in
Page 141 and 142: the possible layout of early Roman
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the cattle would have been kept in
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such a small or make-shift altar mi
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and for taking over the duties asso
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BCE.Finally, M. Aemilius Lepidus vo
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this. 143 Some of the reasons why t
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magistrate as a pre-formed committe
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eligious system at Rome. This sugge
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A later dialogue elucidates the div
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ETTIOVTES, Tct 5E XOITTCX KQSEXCOUE
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passive element in the act of colon
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the object of control and the arena
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worship as well as continuing their
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destroyed by the Roman praetor, L.
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erstwhile monuments of Fregellae im
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mentions of the Fregellan emissarie
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etween the mixed Sabellic and Latin
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more often in the Eastern Aegean, f
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To summarize, then, the original co
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The Religious Landscape ofPaestumTh
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community. This was very different
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In addition to these politico-relig
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and an inscription found somewhere
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that place, it represented the indi
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the "clear hegemony of the city ove
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Even more so than the example of Fr
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that encompassed the area from the
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proximity to the forum boarium fits
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on the mouth of the Garigliano rive
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although the Soran Hercules was a n
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Italian communities, they also some
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through the actions of one of the c
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worship of Juno: both the birth-rel
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evocatio from Veii.By vowing a temp
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Regina in Luna was clearly a Roman
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spreading perhaps from Capua or Fal
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surely not Diana of the Aventine, b
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disappointment manifested itself ni
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peoples. With this added element, i
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Athena, indicates that the Insubria
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these cults of Minerva show charact
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colonization, contact with Greek co
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they were the offerings of the weal
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As much as the various types of str
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TTepl 8E 2auviTcbv Kai TOIOUTOS TIS
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figurines in an attacking pose, wea
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JupiterCults of Jupiter, too, are n
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censores eo anno creati Q. Fuluius
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Ariminum, Minturnae, and Pisaurum d
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In the colonies in Northern Italy,
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Even with this restricted sample se
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to a colony's religious system, but
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since they could not keep the gods
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IV.ConclusionsIn his study of Roman
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colonists are not given a portable
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amount of influence over the type o
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In contrast, the Latin colony in Pa
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II.ConclusionsOverall, trying to cr
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Rome that a Roman army destroyed it
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Volscians as colonists. The rest of
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Saticula: (Festus, Gloss. Lat. p458
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ou Tfjv E^rjynoiv liuETs EV TTJ Trp
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Spain or in Africa, and the decemvi
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During the year a Latin colony was
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T. Maenio praetore urbano creati su
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Colonia Grauiscae eo anno deducta e
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HETOt 5E TOUTOV TOV
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argenti data centum et quinquaginta
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Distribution of Lands in Liguria an
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one of the members lest we make an
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commander. 9The colonial colleges f
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Valerius Tappo, the former tribune
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Q. Fabius Labeo (Potentia and Pisau
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CommissionAntiumAppendix 3: Colonia
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Appendix 3: Colonial Commissioner C
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CommissionVenusia(suppl)Appendix 3;
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Page 297 and 298:
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Appendix 3; Colonial Commissioner C
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CommissionPlacentia andCremona(supp
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CommissionParma andMutinaAppendix 3
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BibliographyAbbott, F.F. "The Colon
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. A Commentary on Livy: Books XXXI-
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de Antonellis, G. Storia di Beneven
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Gage, J. Apollon Romaine. Essai sur
Page 319 and 320:
. "The Public Festivals of Rome," A
Page 321 and 322:
Lloyd, J. "Farming the Highlands: S
Page 323 and 324:
Nock, A.D. "A Feature of Roman Reli
Page 325 and 326:
Purcell, N. "Becoming Historical: T
Page 327 and 328:
. "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestor
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Turfa, J.M. "Etruscan Religion at t
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Zevi-Gallina, A. "Sora. Scavi alia
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