ProQuest Dissertations - Historia Antigua
ProQuest Dissertations - Historia Antigua ProQuest Dissertations - Historia Antigua
After the short but violent Pyrrhic War (280-275), Rome established the Latincolonies of Cosa and Paestum (273) along the Tyrrhenian Sea coast: Cosa in Etruria andPaestum on the erstwhile Greek colony of Poseidonia, which, at the time, was controlledby the Lucani, who had supported Pyrrhus in the war. 30Finally, the Romans founded twosets of Latin colonies split between an effort to control the upper Adriatic coast and thecontinued struggle to separate and subdue the Samnite tribes. In 268 BCE, unknowncommissioners founded Ariminum in the north (see below, p. 65) and Beneventum on theadministrative center of the Hirpini Samnites.Each of these locations proved to be alucrative economic center.Five years later (263), the Romans established Firmum onthe Adriatic and Aesernia in Samnium in order to further isolate the Pentri from theHirpini and Caraceni.After thus surrounding and separating the Samnite tribes fromone another, the Roman colonization of south-central Italy was suspended until thesecond century BCE, as far as we know. 34After Livy's narrative begins again, we have full knowledge of the commissionerswho founded colonies in south-central Italy. The first complement of colonists duringthis period went to supplement the Latin colony of Venusia in 200 BCE. 35Immediately30 Livy Per. 14; Veil. Pat. 1.14.5. Cf. Salmon (1970), pp. 62-3.31 Livy Per. 15; Livy 9.27.14; Veil. Pat. 1.14.7; Eutr. 2.16. Cf. Salmon (1970), p. 63.32 Frayn (1993), pp. 40, 44 (Ariminum) and 40-41,49-52, 91 (Beneventum). Beneventum became thecenter for east-west trade in the southern Italian peninsula because of the number of roads that passedthrough the city, especially after the veteran settlements of 41 BCE (pp. 49-52).33 Livy Per. 16; Veil. Pat. 1.14.8. Cf. Salmon (1970), p. 6334 Salmon (1970, p. 65) finds it surprising that there is a gap in Roman colonization between 237 and 218BCE, since he sees 237 as the beginning of systematic Roman conquest. The underlying assumption is thatthe colonies were a means of imperial expansion, instead of, for example, a defensive maneuver. While Iadmit that colonies have strategic importance, I am not convinced that the Roman senate had embarked onan imperial agenda during the middle Republic. Furthermore, the so-called gap in colonization may merelybe a gap in our knowledge of colonization due to the break in Livy's narrative.35 Livy 31.49.6, Plut. Flam. 1.4.61
after a mention of Scipio Africanus' triumph and the land distribution in Apulia to hisveterans, Livy lists C. Terentius Varro, T. Quinctius Flamininus, and P. Cornelius ScipioNasica as the triumviral board to lead supplemental colonists to the struggling colony.Venusia (291) was one of the more isolated of the colonies in Samnium, especially sinceits Oscan-speaking neighbors had all assisted Hannibal even as Venusia remained loyal toRome. 36In the next three years, the Romans sent out ten colonies along the southern coastof the Italian peninsula. In 197, the tribune of the plebs C. Atinius initiated thecolonization of four citizen colonies: Volturnum, Liternum, and Puteoli along the Bay ofNaples, and Salernum along the Tyrrhenian coast north of Paestum. Buxentum, furthersouth along the coast on Lucanian soil, was added to the project before the commissionersM. Servilius Pulex Geminus, Q. Minucius Thermus, and T. Sempronius Longus led thecolonists out from Rome in 194.Of these five colonies, Puteoli was the best port andtherefore supported the largest market center.In 194, Sipontum was also founded as acitizen colony in Apulia on coastal territory taken from the Arpi; the commissioners wereM. Helvius, D. Iunius Brutus, and M. Baebius Tamphilus. 39 Also in that year, on Bruttianterritory on the southern tip of the peninsula, Cn. Octavius, C. Laetorius, and L. AemiliusPaulus led Roman citizens to Croton, and L. Cornelius Merula, C. Salonius, and an36 Salmon (1970), p. 96.37 Livy 32.29.3-4, 34.45.1-2; Veil. Pat. 1.15.2, Jer. Chron. 191 pl36 Helm, C1L I 2 .2.698 (Puteoli). Cf.Salmon (1970), p. 97 and n. 161 p. 184. The Castrum Livy mentions at 32.7.3 is Salernum, according toSalmon, but other authors think it was the Castra Hannibalis founded in Bruttium.38 Frayn (1993), pp. 40, 42, 44, 55, 74, 80, 89, 152. Frayn classifies Puteoli as a 'center place' in the centerplace theory (p. 80). Liternum and Volturnum could not challenge Puteoli's dominance as the regions mostimportant port market because both were too marshy (Sil. Pun. 8.530-1, Livy 22.16.4, Val. Max. 5.3.2,Frayn p. 81)39 Livy 34.45.3-5.62
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after a mention of Scipio Africanus' triumph and the land distribution in Apulia to hisveterans, Livy lists C. Terentius Varro, T. Quinctius Flamininus, and P. Cornelius ScipioNasica as the triumviral board to lead supplemental colonists to the struggling colony.Venusia (291) was one of the more isolated of the colonies in Samnium, especially sinceits Oscan-speaking neighbors had all assisted Hannibal even as Venusia remained loyal toRome. 36In the next three years, the Romans sent out ten colonies along the southern coastof the Italian peninsula. In 197, the tribune of the plebs C. Atinius initiated thecolonization of four citizen colonies: Volturnum, Liternum, and Puteoli along the Bay ofNaples, and Salernum along the Tyrrhenian coast north of Paestum. Buxentum, furthersouth along the coast on Lucanian soil, was added to the project before the commissionersM. Servilius Pulex Geminus, Q. Minucius Thermus, and T. Sempronius Longus led thecolonists out from Rome in 194.Of these five colonies, Puteoli was the best port andtherefore supported the largest market center.In 194, Sipontum was also founded as acitizen colony in Apulia on coastal territory taken from the Arpi; the commissioners wereM. Helvius, D. Iunius Brutus, and M. Baebius Tamphilus. 39 Also in that year, on Bruttianterritory on the southern tip of the peninsula, Cn. Octavius, C. Laetorius, and L. AemiliusPaulus led Roman citizens to Croton, and L. Cornelius Merula, C. Salonius, and an36 Salmon (1970), p. 96.37 Livy 32.29.3-4, 34.45.1-2; Veil. Pat. 1.15.2, Jer. Chron. 191 pl36 Helm, C1L I 2 .2.698 (Puteoli). Cf.Salmon (1970), p. 97 and n. 161 p. 184. The Castrum Livy mentions at 32.7.3 is Salernum, according toSalmon, but other authors think it was the Castra Hannibalis founded in Bruttium.38 Frayn (1993), pp. 40, 42, 44, 55, 74, 80, 89, 152. Frayn classifies Puteoli as a 'center place' in the centerplace theory (p. 80). Liternum and Volturnum could not challenge Puteoli's dominance as the regions mostimportant port market because both were too marshy (Sil. Pun. 8.530-1, Livy 22.16.4, Val. Max. 5.3.2,Frayn p. 81)39 Livy 34.45.3-5.62
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