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commissioners, even though the following chapters on colonial landscape and religioustrends will not cover these sites.South-Central ItalyThe colonies founded in South-Central Italy were strategically peppered across theregions now known as Campania, Molise, Northern Puglia, and Northern Basilicata. Thesix colonial commissions for which Livy tells us the commissioners' names are: Cales(334); Saticula (313); the supplement to Venusia in 200; Volturnum, Liternum, Puteoli,Salernum and Buxentum (194); Sipontum (194); and the supplement to Sipontum andBuxentum in 185. 7 Through epigraphic evidence, we also know that P. Claudius Pulcherwas one of the commissioners to supplement Cales in 185. Finally, we know almost allof the commissioners' names for the four colonies founded in modern Calabria: Croton(194), Tempsa (194), Copia/Thurii (193), and Vibo Valentia (192). 9 The eleven South-Central Italian colonies for which there is no record of the commissioners include:Fregellae (328 and 316), Luceria (315), Suessa and Pontia (313), Interamna Lirinas (312),Sora (303), Minturnae and Sinuessa (296/5), Paestum (273), Beneventum (268), and7 The modern names for, or nearest to, these colonies are as follows (Cf. RE under each colony's name):Cales (Calvi Risorta), Saticula (S. Agati dei Goti), Venusia (Venosa), Volturnum (Castel Volturno),Liternum (Lago Patria/Literno), Puteoli (Pozzuoli), Salernum (Salerno), Buxentum (Policastro Bussentino),and Sipontum (Siponto/ Manfredonia).8 C/i6.1283orI 2 .I.32p. 200.9 The modern names for or near these colonies are: Croton (Crotone), Tempsa (near Nocera by mouth ofSavuto River), Copia/Thurii (Thurio), and Vibo Valentia (Vibo Valentia). These commissions will figurein the analysis of the composition and motivations of the colonial commissioners in this chapter, but they donot appear in the other chapters of this work because of their distance from the Samnite and Campaniancultures under study there.57
Aesernia (263). 10 These colonies are incorporated in the following account of the historyof colonization in this region, but they cannot, for obvious reasons, be included in theanalysis of the commissioners which follows this narrative.The first colony the Romans founded in south-central Italy was Cales, establishedin 334 BCE by Caeso Duillius, T. Quinctius Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus, and M.Fabius. 11The commissioners founded the Latin colony in the Ausonian city of the samename after they captured the place in retaliation for its inhabitants attacking their fellowAurunci with the Samnite Sidicini. 12Cales was perfectly situated along the Liris River tomonitor both Samnite Teanum and Capua as well as provide an excellent market site forthe surrounding communities. 13It was also the first Latin colony founded by Rome afterthe Latin War ended in 338 BCE, thus beginning the juristic concept of the ius Latii. 14Six years later in 328, the unknown commissioners founded another Latin colony,Fregellae, on the Liris at the crossing near the junction with the Melfa River along theroute to the Tyrrhenian Sea. 15In the fullness of time, this river crossing made Fregellaeinto an important market community. 1Since the commissioners established the colonyon the eastern side of the River, however, this foundation most likely broke the treaties ofThe modern names for or near these colonies are: Fregellae (Ceprano), Luceria (Luceria), SuessaAurunca (Sessa), Pontiae (Ponza), Interamna Lirinas (Termini near Pignataro Interamna), Sora (Sora),Minturnae (Minturno), Sinuessa (Cellole/Mandragone), Beneventum (Benevento), Paestum (Paestum), andAesernia (Isernia).11 Livy 8.16.14, Veil. Pat. 1.14.3. For the text of this and other colonial foundations with knowncommissioners, see Appendix 1.12 Salmon (1970), p. 55.13 Frayn (1993), pp. 40, 5314 Ibid. p. 56.15 Livy 8.19.1, 22.2. For a more detailed discussion of the foundation of this colony and subsequenttroubles, see Chapter 4.16 Frayn (1993), p. 49. Fregellae continued to be the site of a rural fair during religious festivals after itsdestruction in 125 BCE (Strabo 5.3.10 and Frayn pp. 139-140).58
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NOT EFFIGIES PAR VAE POPULI ROMAN!:
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COPYRIGHTAmanda Jo Coles2009
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AcknowledgementsI give heartfelt th
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intention and colonial strategy hel
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List of TablesFigure 5.1: Influence
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Instead, through examination of the
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settlements in alien lands," and co
Page 15 and 16: in the late fourth century BCE; thu
Page 17 and 18: Aquileia in 181 BCE.Bispham also il
Page 19 and 20: II.Agency in Roman ColonizationFind
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.1:The Statist Model ofRoma
Page 23 and 24: comparisons between religion in the
Page 25 and 26: BCE, when Roman power expanded and
Page 27 and 28: nomenclature of Paestum shows a mix
Page 29 and 30: determinant factors in the relation
Page 31 and 32: were soft and wealthy.In part, the
Page 33 and 34: contact with Magna Graecia or incre
Page 35 and 36: Reports to senate,founds templesGen
Page 37 and 38: defined landscape. The landscape wa
Page 39 and 40: neighbors: "[d]espite its undeniabl
Page 41 and 42: Roman religion, there was also no r
Page 43 and 44: propitiate. 113Yet, C. Marius was a
Page 45 and 46: This section addresses continuity a
Page 47 and 48: Capodifiume for at least the first
Page 49 and 50: Was Roman Religion Imposed on the C
Page 51 and 52: The Capitolium IssueEven as the gen
Page 53 and 54: VI.Evidentiary CautionsLiteratureUn
Page 55 and 56: two commissions, four of which mere
Page 57 and 58: certain far-flung mid-Republican co
Page 59 and 60: language and epigraphic tradition b
Page 61 and 62: of participation in many systems: s
Page 63 and 64: impelled each triumvir to seek or a
Page 65: locals, or Rome are given. 6Moreove
Page 69 and 70: Interamna Lirinas, but who those co
Page 71 and 72: after a mention of Scipio Africanus
Page 73 and 74: Valentia.The colonies of 194-192 we
Page 75 and 76: commissioners, P. Cornelius Scipio
Page 77 and 78: enough to note that the benefits to
Page 79 and 80: The questions arising from this con
Page 81 and 82: ends with the colony of Luna (177 B
Page 83 and 84: deported them to Samnium.Around 40,
Page 85 and 86: In the following section I will set
Page 87 and 88: the conservative faction sponsored
Page 89 and 90: What this geographical distribution
Page 91 and 92: consulship was uneventful, as a pro
Page 93 and 94: Besides a prior military connection
Page 95 and 96: Thus, there is a pattern of magistr
Page 97 and 98: Sometimes, the colonists might have
Page 99 and 100: advancement.The exposure of such a
Page 101 and 102: Bononia, 154 as did the Fulvii in t
Page 103 and 104: their enemies, it certainly seems t
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 3: Commissioners and Foundi
Page 107 and 108: This chart completes the human half
Page 109 and 110: first century BCE. The lex coloniae
Page 111 and 112: political and personal motivations
Page 113 and 114: through the authority of the senate
Page 115 and 116: L. Cornelius Lentulus, the brother
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of settlement in Gaul and Liguria d
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their names to the presiding magist
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praetor, except in a supervisory ro
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familiarity with enrolling men, as
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sed occurrebat artimis quantos exer
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probably not a regulated endeavor,
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usually attended the consecration o
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et ab supero mari Senensis. cum uac
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colleges of these priests. In the c
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which one or more men on each commi
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games and sacrifices.In keeping wit
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a limited number of the priests in
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the possible layout of early Roman
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the cattle would have been kept in
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such a small or make-shift altar mi
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and for taking over the duties asso
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BCE.Finally, M. Aemilius Lepidus vo
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this. 143 Some of the reasons why t
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magistrate as a pre-formed committe
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eligious system at Rome. This sugge
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A later dialogue elucidates the div
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ETTIOVTES, Tct 5E XOITTCX KQSEXCOUE
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passive element in the act of colon
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the object of control and the arena
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worship as well as continuing their
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destroyed by the Roman praetor, L.
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erstwhile monuments of Fregellae im
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mentions of the Fregellan emissarie
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etween the mixed Sabellic and Latin
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more often in the Eastern Aegean, f
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To summarize, then, the original co
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The Religious Landscape ofPaestumTh
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community. This was very different
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In addition to these politico-relig
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and an inscription found somewhere
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that place, it represented the indi
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the "clear hegemony of the city ove
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Even more so than the example of Fr
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that encompassed the area from the
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proximity to the forum boarium fits
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on the mouth of the Garigliano rive
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although the Soran Hercules was a n
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Italian communities, they also some
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through the actions of one of the c
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worship of Juno: both the birth-rel
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evocatio from Veii.By vowing a temp
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Regina in Luna was clearly a Roman
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spreading perhaps from Capua or Fal
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surely not Diana of the Aventine, b
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disappointment manifested itself ni
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peoples. With this added element, i
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Athena, indicates that the Insubria
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these cults of Minerva show charact
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colonization, contact with Greek co
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they were the offerings of the weal
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As much as the various types of str
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TTepl 8E 2auviTcbv Kai TOIOUTOS TIS
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figurines in an attacking pose, wea
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JupiterCults of Jupiter, too, are n
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censores eo anno creati Q. Fuluius
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Ariminum, Minturnae, and Pisaurum d
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In the colonies in Northern Italy,
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Even with this restricted sample se
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to a colony's religious system, but
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since they could not keep the gods
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IV.ConclusionsIn his study of Roman
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colonists are not given a portable
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amount of influence over the type o
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In contrast, the Latin colony in Pa
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II.ConclusionsOverall, trying to cr
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Rome that a Roman army destroyed it
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Volscians as colonists. The rest of
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Saticula: (Festus, Gloss. Lat. p458
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ou Tfjv E^rjynoiv liuETs EV TTJ Trp
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Spain or in Africa, and the decemvi
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During the year a Latin colony was
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T. Maenio praetore urbano creati su
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Colonia Grauiscae eo anno deducta e
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HETOt 5E TOUTOV TOV
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argenti data centum et quinquaginta
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Distribution of Lands in Liguria an
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one of the members lest we make an
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commander. 9The colonial colleges f
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Valerius Tappo, the former tribune
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Q. Fabius Labeo (Potentia and Pisau
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CommissionAntiumAppendix 3: Colonia
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Appendix 3: Colonial Commissioner C
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CommissionVenusia(suppl)Appendix 3;
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Appendix 3; Colonial Commissioner C
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CommissionPlacentia andCremona(supp
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CommissionParma andMutinaAppendix 3
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BibliographyAbbott, F.F. "The Colon
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. A Commentary on Livy: Books XXXI-
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de Antonellis, G. Storia di Beneven
Page 317 and 318:
Gage, J. Apollon Romaine. Essai sur
Page 319 and 320:
. "The Public Festivals of Rome," A
Page 321 and 322:
Lloyd, J. "Farming the Highlands: S
Page 323 and 324:
Nock, A.D. "A Feature of Roman Reli
Page 325 and 326:
Purcell, N. "Becoming Historical: T
Page 327 and 328:
. "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestor
Page 329 and 330:
Turfa, J.M. "Etruscan Religion at t
Page 331:
Zevi-Gallina, A. "Sora. Scavi alia
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