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ABSTRACTNOT EFFIGIES PAR VAE POPULIROMANI:GODS, AGENCY, AND LANDSCAPE IN MID-REPUBLICAN COLONIZATIONAmanda Jo ColesSupervisor: Dr. Campbell GreyThe diversity of the religious systems in Roman and Latin colonies of the MiddleRepublic indicates that Roman expansion into Italy was not a unilateral, purelyhegemonic phenomenon, but a complex interchange of cultural ideas between Romans,colonists, and locals. My dissertation examines the development of the cults in coloniesfounded in Samnium, Campania, and Northern Italy between 338 and 177 BCE. Throughanalysis of the composition and duties of the three-man colonial commission, thereligious landscape of the colonies, and the broad cultic trends in these regions, I establishthat religion in the colonies reflected the experience of the individuals who founded themand the needs of the individuals who inhabited them.The three-man colonial commissioners, the tresviri coloniae deducendae, usedtheir experience as generals, magistrates, and priests to lead the colonists to their newhome, organize the space, and define the institutions. The factional divisions andpersonal ambitions of the commissioners drove the composition of the commissions and,thus, the form and institutions of the colonies founded. Through the differences ofv
intention and colonial strategy held by the commissioners, the colonies did not espouse acodified Roman settlement pattern, but instead the political and cultural principles of theirfounders.The religious life of each settlement developed beyond its initial foundation bymeans of the interactions of the colonists and local populations. Through a new model ofcolonial foundation which combines the human factors of Roman colonization:commissioners, colonists, and locals, with their impact on, and interaction with, thecolonial landscape, I demonstrate that the religious landscape of the colonies of Fregellae,Paestum, and Sora did not mirror that of Rome, but reflected the religious and spatialneeds of the colonists. Finally, the evidence for the cults of Juno, Diana, Minerva,Hercules, Mars, and Jupiter in Central and Northern Italy shows that the colonistsparticipated in many religious systems: some cults honored Roman versions of the gods,but more honored local, Latin, or even Mediterranean conceptions of a deity. Thus, thesecults drew the colonists together with the locals in a shared religious tradition familiar toboth groups.VI
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NOT EFFIGIES PAR VAE POPULI ROMAN!:
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COPYRIGHTAmanda Jo Coles2009
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AcknowledgementsI give heartfelt th
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List of TablesFigure 5.1: Influence
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Instead, through examination of the
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settlements in alien lands," and co
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in the late fourth century BCE; thu
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Aquileia in 181 BCE.Bispham also il
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II.Agency in Roman ColonizationFind
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Figure 1.1:The Statist Model ofRoma
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comparisons between religion in the
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BCE, when Roman power expanded and
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nomenclature of Paestum shows a mix
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determinant factors in the relation
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were soft and wealthy.In part, the
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contact with Magna Graecia or incre
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Reports to senate,founds templesGen
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defined landscape. The landscape wa
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neighbors: "[d]espite its undeniabl
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Roman religion, there was also no r
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propitiate. 113Yet, C. Marius was a
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This section addresses continuity a
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Capodifiume for at least the first
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Was Roman Religion Imposed on the C
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The Capitolium IssueEven as the gen
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VI.Evidentiary CautionsLiteratureUn
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two commissions, four of which mere
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certain far-flung mid-Republican co
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language and epigraphic tradition b
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of participation in many systems: s
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impelled each triumvir to seek or a
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locals, or Rome are given. 6Moreove
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Aesernia (263). 10 These colonies a
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Interamna Lirinas, but who those co
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after a mention of Scipio Africanus
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Valentia.The colonies of 194-192 we
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commissioners, P. Cornelius Scipio
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enough to note that the benefits to
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The questions arising from this con
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ends with the colony of Luna (177 B
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deported them to Samnium.Around 40,
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In the following section I will set
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the conservative faction sponsored
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What this geographical distribution
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consulship was uneventful, as a pro
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Besides a prior military connection
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Thus, there is a pattern of magistr
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Sometimes, the colonists might have
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advancement.The exposure of such a
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Bononia, 154 as did the Fulvii in t
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their enemies, it certainly seems t
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Chapter 3: Commissioners and Foundi
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This chart completes the human half
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first century BCE. The lex coloniae
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political and personal motivations
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through the authority of the senate
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L. Cornelius Lentulus, the brother
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of settlement in Gaul and Liguria d
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their names to the presiding magist
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praetor, except in a supervisory ro
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familiarity with enrolling men, as
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sed occurrebat artimis quantos exer
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probably not a regulated endeavor,
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usually attended the consecration o
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et ab supero mari Senensis. cum uac
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colleges of these priests. In the c
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which one or more men on each commi
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games and sacrifices.In keeping wit
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a limited number of the priests in
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the possible layout of early Roman
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the cattle would have been kept in
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such a small or make-shift altar mi
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and for taking over the duties asso
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BCE.Finally, M. Aemilius Lepidus vo
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this. 143 Some of the reasons why t
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magistrate as a pre-formed committe
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eligious system at Rome. This sugge
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A later dialogue elucidates the div
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ETTIOVTES, Tct 5E XOITTCX KQSEXCOUE
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passive element in the act of colon
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the object of control and the arena
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worship as well as continuing their
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destroyed by the Roman praetor, L.
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erstwhile monuments of Fregellae im
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mentions of the Fregellan emissarie
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etween the mixed Sabellic and Latin
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more often in the Eastern Aegean, f
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To summarize, then, the original co
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The Religious Landscape ofPaestumTh
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community. This was very different
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In addition to these politico-relig
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and an inscription found somewhere
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that place, it represented the indi
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the "clear hegemony of the city ove
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Even more so than the example of Fr
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that encompassed the area from the
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proximity to the forum boarium fits
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on the mouth of the Garigliano rive
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although the Soran Hercules was a n
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Italian communities, they also some
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through the actions of one of the c
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worship of Juno: both the birth-rel
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evocatio from Veii.By vowing a temp
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Regina in Luna was clearly a Roman
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spreading perhaps from Capua or Fal
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surely not Diana of the Aventine, b
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disappointment manifested itself ni
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peoples. With this added element, i
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Athena, indicates that the Insubria
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these cults of Minerva show charact
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colonization, contact with Greek co
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they were the offerings of the weal
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As much as the various types of str
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TTepl 8E 2auviTcbv Kai TOIOUTOS TIS
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figurines in an attacking pose, wea
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JupiterCults of Jupiter, too, are n
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censores eo anno creati Q. Fuluius
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Ariminum, Minturnae, and Pisaurum d
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In the colonies in Northern Italy,
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Even with this restricted sample se
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to a colony's religious system, but
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since they could not keep the gods
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IV.ConclusionsIn his study of Roman
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colonists are not given a portable
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amount of influence over the type o
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In contrast, the Latin colony in Pa
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II.ConclusionsOverall, trying to cr
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Rome that a Roman army destroyed it
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Volscians as colonists. The rest of
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Saticula: (Festus, Gloss. Lat. p458
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ou Tfjv E^rjynoiv liuETs EV TTJ Trp
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Spain or in Africa, and the decemvi
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During the year a Latin colony was
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T. Maenio praetore urbano creati su
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Colonia Grauiscae eo anno deducta e
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HETOt 5E TOUTOV TOV
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argenti data centum et quinquaginta
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Distribution of Lands in Liguria an
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one of the members lest we make an
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commander. 9The colonial colleges f
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Valerius Tappo, the former tribune
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Q. Fabius Labeo (Potentia and Pisau
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CommissionAntiumAppendix 3: Colonia
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Appendix 3: Colonial Commissioner C
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Appendix 3: Colonial Commissioner C
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CommissionVenusia(suppl)Appendix 3;
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Appendix 3: Colonial Commissioner C
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Appendix 3: Colonial Commissioner C
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Appendix 3: Colonial Commissioner C
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Appendix 3; Colonial Commissioner C
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CommissionPlacentia andCremona(supp
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CommissionParma andMutinaAppendix 3
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Appendix 3; Colonial Commissioner C
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Appendix 3; Colonial Commissioner C
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BibliographyAbbott, F.F. "The Colon
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. A Commentary on Livy: Books XXXI-
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de Antonellis, G. Storia di Beneven
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Gage, J. Apollon Romaine. Essai sur
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. "The Public Festivals of Rome," A
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Lloyd, J. "Farming the Highlands: S
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Nock, A.D. "A Feature of Roman Reli
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Purcell, N. "Becoming Historical: T
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. "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestor
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Turfa, J.M. "Etruscan Religion at t
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Zevi-Gallina, A. "Sora. Scavi alia
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