ProQuest Dissertations - Historia Antigua

were soft and wealthy.In part, the physical environment and available resourcespredetermined how a population survived and prospered; a challenging territory such asthe Apennine highlands predisposed the Samnites to pastoralism, for example. Similarly,the intellectual actions applied to city's land and territory, i.e. the conceptual landscape,also influenced its population. 81Among these intellectual actions were the redefinition ofthe territory as a Latin colony, which led to physical changes in the terrain to conformwith the new political definition. The colonists' self-definition as citizens of the newcolony was one of the primary conceptual processes that dictated their response tothreats, such as the violent Samnite response to the colonization of Fregellae in 328BCE. 82Models of Colonial Interactions and LandscapeScholarly models of ancient colonization have tended to neglect the influence of thelandscape in favor of an analysis of the human elements.In the last decade,colonization studies have rejected a dualist approach, which only examines political,cultural, and economic exchanges between the metropolis and the colony. 84Stein callsfor consideration of colonies within their regional and interregional contexts, so thatanalysis accounts for not only the relationship between colony and homeland, but also theSee Dench (1995), pp. 16-21 for a discussion of the ancient view of Samnites as barbaric people.81 Sluyter (2002), p. 32 n. 3 chooses "conceptual landscape transformations" as the best complement to"material landscape transformations" because the former "clearly identifies transformations that relate towhat exists in the mind."82 Livy 8.23.6; Dion. Hal. 15.8.5. Cf. Salmon (1970), p. 57; Coarelli (1998), pp. 30-31.83 See especially Salmon (1970) and MacKendrick (1954).84 Van Dommelen (1997), p. 308. Van Dommelen (p. 309) favors instead a blurring of the colonialcategory by recognizing that class, gender, or ethnicity might divide the colonists, as well as the localpopulation. The ways in which the colonists and locals interact along such divisions lead to hybridizationor creolization of the colonial culture. Cf. Webster (2001), Woolf (1998), Alcock (1997 and 2005), Bradley(2006), and Herring (2007).22