ProQuest Dissertations - Historia Antigua

they were the offerings of the wealthy classes whereas terracotta votives belonged to thepoor. 80This explanation of the artifacts does not allow for the element of conscious01choice by the worshippers, however.Another indicator of Hercules worship comes in the form of a black-glazeddrinking cup, ihepocula deorum, with the name of the god painted or inscribed either asan initial 'H' or in the genitive. 82The prototype for these cups comes from Rome,whence they spread throughout Latium and Southern Etruria in the fourth and thirdcenturies BCE. 83The colonial versions were a local copy from the Roman pattern, as inthe case of Ariminum, 84 if not Roman imports themselves. Excavators have discoveredthese at several colonies, including Ariminum, Cales, Fregellae, Cosa, Paestum, and AlbaFucens. 85Bispham asserts that the worship of Hercules, as represented by these cups,Qgrwas tied to rituals of migration and foundation.While this may certainly sometimes bethe case, it certainly does not follow automatically from the presence of such cups, which,it is important to remember, were used also in and around Rome, Latium, and southernEtruria. 87It is tempting to assign the small bronze representations of Hercules to the precolonialphase of worship and the pocula to the colonial phase, especially since strong80 Prati (2007), p. 38.81 See in general Webster (2001) on choice as a determining factor in religious expression.82 The genitive is most common with gods other than Hercules. De Bellis (1995), p. 369, and in general,Morel, Torelli, Coarelli et al (1973) and Morel (1988), p. 57-60. Other names for these are 'atelier despetites estampilles' and 'Heraklesschalen.'83 De Bellis (1995), p. 369. Morel, Torelli, Coarelli et al. (1973) and Morel (1988).84 De Bellis (1995), p. 369. The Hercules cups are the most common at Ariminum: Susini (2000), p. 10.85 Ibid, p. 386. Bispham (2006), p. 108 and 143 nn. 187ff. esp. 192; Morel (1988), p. 57-60; Susini (1965),p. 147 fig. 3; Fontemaggi & Piolanti (2000), p. 510f. fig. 180 a-c; and Fontana (1997), p. 220f. Torelli(1993)p. Ill ff.86 Bispham (2006), p. 100 and Ortalli (2000), p. 503.87 For example, one was found at a possible sanctuary in the vicus Cermalus in Rome (CIL XI 6786).216