ProQuest Dissertations - Historia Antigua

temples or sanctuaries occurred in or near several landscape features: natural,geographical features such as hills, bodies of water, or groves; urban or suburbanlocations such as the center or edges of communities, cultivated areas, and transportroutes; and liminal areas such as cemeteries and territorial boundaries. Frankfurterconcludes, with reference to the imperial period, that "in this way, cult places bothintegrated and demarcated social identity."This observation holds true also for theRepublic.To simplify, there are five (more or less) distinct zones/features of the landscapein a colony: city, cemetery, transport network, cultivated land, and natural landscape, aswell as the borders between these features. 14Sanctuaries can be found in or near all fivelandscape zones (Figure 4.1), and thus, they are the best indicators of the interactionbetween locals and colonists. In effect, participation at a sanctuary can 'pin down' thelandscape for a group of people through 'competitive worship,' but it can also create ashared ideological landscape for both groups. The point is that, as the landscape is bothbuilding to be removed causing the temple to become part of the landscape." Cf. Laurence (1994), pp. 68-75.13 Frankfurter (2006), p. 548. Cf. Mitchell (1993), pp. 19-31; Derks (1998), pp. 132-44. Frankfurter urgesthat "we must consider a more complex series of overlapping and concentric "centers" for religious activityin the Roman world: minor temples, modest shrines, cultic places afforded by the landscape (springs,mountaintops), and the home itself."14 Frankfurter (2006), p. 548 has a similar list of sanctuary locations for the Roman imperial period:"Outside Rome, the location of temples and sanctuaries depended on landscape features (hilltops, rivers andsprings, forests), economy (the edges of cultivated areas, towns and districts seeking the favors of particulargods), and cultural or local identity (the boundaries or pilgrimage centers of agricultural, pastoral, warrior,or mercantile peoples)." For a categorization in a Greek context, see Pedley (2005), Chapter 4: "The Sitingof Sanctuaries" pp. 39-56. Pedley's discussion of the placement and function of sanctuaries in the Greekworld focuses on the following categories: natural, interurban, urban, suburban, extraurban, and ruralsanctuaries. These are slightly different from the categories introduced here, which are more pertinent toItalian and Roman religious systems for the Republic. I generated the categories for Figure 4.1 fromobservation of the placement of sacred sites in and around Roman and other Italian cities. Not every cityhas a sanctuary in every possible location, nor is the diagram intended to indicate a specific colonial siteplan.153