ProQuest Dissertations - Historia Antigua

function in practice, although nothing that could be considered an ideology ofcolonization arose before the middle Republic, and then it only grew gradually.Finally,it seems that from the middle Republic, at the very least, Latin colonies had as much of acomplex cultural exchange among themselves as they did with Rome.Thus, thecolonization efforts of the early and middle Republic were not the state-controlled,Romano-centric endeavors that late Republican and imperial authors portray them to be.They were much more complex both in the variety of their forms and in the nature oftheir cultural exchange than previously acknowledged.Latin and Roman Colonies: Is the categorization sufficient?Historians of Roman mid-Republican colonization discuss priscae coloniae Latinae,coloniae Latinae, coloniae maritimiae, and coloniae civium Romanorum. These, too, arethe chapter subjects in Salmon's seminal work Roman Colonization under the Republic(1970). Some of these categories overlap with one another, e.g. some priscae coloniaeLatinae became coloniae Latinae in 338 BCE at the end of the Latin Wars, and thecoloniae maritimiae are all coloniae civium Romanorum, although the citizen colonies ofthe early second century came to resemble the Latin colonies in size and autonomy.Salmon's categories come from the ancient authors, but these sources are late Republicanor later. As Bispham notes, the first contemporary reference to a 'colonia' is found on astatue base for L. Manlius Acidinus, one of the tresviri for leading out the colony of19 Ibid. Bradley notes this attitude in Strabo, Velleius Paterculus, Appian, and Pliny, at the least.20 Ibid. p. 178.21 Mouritsen (2004), p. 64. Mouritsen's findings are based on analysis of pits in the fora of Fregellae, AlbaFucens, Cosa, and Paestum. He concludes: "The contacts between members of the Roman colonial'diaspora' in Italy may in the longer term have been as influential in shaping these communities as anydirect influence still exercised by the mother-city."7