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Using pressure to hold such leaders accountable and disarm them does not mean warfarebut rather local negotiations backed up with pressure and threats when needed. Leadersand members of armed groups were supposed to be banned from running for parliamentor the provincial councils, and the Coalition offered to help cope with resistance frompotential candidates during the vetting process, indicating the military’s estimate thatsuch actions would not lead to warfare.Recommendation:• The Coalition and ISAF should increase pressure, in cooperation with the Afghangovernment, on commanders and political leaders to disarm and demobilizeillegal armed groups. NATO and the U.S. Department of Defense should issueclear guidance authorizing PRTs to engage in this process robustly. What isneeded is a capacity for local coercive diplomacy. Coalition forces haveoccasionally taken such actions, by briefly firing on a group that refused to disarmor buzzing the house of a leading warlord with fighter aircraft. These incidentsalways ended peacefully soon after, as these groups are opportunistic rather thanideological in motivation.The United States, with aid from France and the United Kingdom, has beentraining a new national army, which has now reached about 26,000 troops. The ANA wasdesigned by the Department of Defense, and it deploys troops with embedded U.S.trainers. The U.S. model of an army, however, has a high price tag. According to theWorld Bank, the ANA cost 13 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in fiscal year2004–2005, and total security sector spending topped 17 percent. 20 Currently, the ANAdepends on U.S. trainers for air support, logistics, and medical evacuation. Transferringthe ownership of these functions to the ANA will cost even more.The Coalition has slowed ANA growth. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeldinformed the Afghan government that the United States will expect it to pay themilitary’s salaries from its budget in 2006–2007. According to Afghan sources, he also20World Bank, Afghanistan: Managing Public Finances for Development, Main Report, vol. 1(Washington, DC: World Bank, November 27, 2005), p. 24.21