Fore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com

More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com316 NOTES TO PAGES 112–11632. Biographical Interview 14, March 3, 1961. “A is A” is not a phrase from Aristotlebut a canonical way to explain basic laws of logic. Rand used the phrase to indicate heragreement with Aristotle’s Law of Identity. Her later use of Aristotle was often inaccurate.According to Rand, Aristotle believed that “history represents things as they are,while fiction represents them as they might be and ought to be.” However, as two scholarssympathetic to Rand conclude, this attribution “misquotes Aristotle and misrepresentshis intent.” See Stephen Cox, “Ayn Rand: Theory versus Creative Life,” Journal ofLibertarian Studies 8 (1986): 20; Louis Torres and Michelle Marder Kamhi, What Art Is:The Aesthetic Theory of Ayn Rand (Chicago: Open Court Press, 2000), 63. An alternativeinterpretation of Rand’s usage is given in Tore Boeckmann, “What Might Be andOught to Be: Aristotle’s Poetics and The Fountainhead,” in Essays on Ayn Rand’s TheFountainhead, ed. Robert Mayhew (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007). It appearsthat Rand drew this concept not from Aristotle, but from Albert Jay Nock. In Memoirsof a Superfluous Man (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943), 191, Nock writes, “History,Aristotle says, represents things only as they are, while fiction represents them as theymight be and ought to be.” In her copy of the book, Rand marked this passage with sixvertical lines. Peikoff Library Collection, ARA.33. Journals, 263, 246–47; Isabel Paterson to AR, December 30, 1943, ARP 145-PA2;Isabel Paterson to AR, August 30, 1945, Box 4, Isabel Paterson Papers, Hoover PresidentialLibrary, henceforth Hoover NARA.34. Journals, 281.35. “Notes on the Moral Basis of Individualism,” July 9, 1945, ARP 32–11B. Thesenotes are not included in the published version of Rand’s Journals.36. Journals, 291, 281, 285.37. Journals, 305, 299. Daryll Wright traces a similar shift in “Ayn Rand’s Ethics: FromThe Fountainhead to Atlas Shrugged,” in Essays on Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged, ed. RobertMayhew (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009).38. B. Branden, The Passion of Ayn Rand, 189.39. Frank Lloyd Wright to AR, April 23, 1944, reprinted in Letters, 112. Her commentson Wright are in Journals, April 12, 1946, 412–15. For more on their relationship,see Donald Leslie Johnson, The Fountainheads: Wright, Rand, the FBI and Hollywood(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005).40. Isabel Paterson to AR, December 15, 1943, Box 4, Hoover NARA.41. Leonard Read to Rand, July 1946, ARP 146-RE2; Leonard Read to AR, May/June46, ND, “Monday,” ARP 146-RE2. There is no written record of their original agreement,but letters between the two indicate it was a well-established understanding. Randsigned her letters to Read “your ghost” and Read referred often to her responsibilities,urging her at one point, “Please keep on considering your ghost position seriously.”Leonard Read to AR, July 22, 1946, ARP 146-RE2.42. AR to Leonard Read, February 28, 1946, Letters, 259.43. Leonard Read to AR, August 22, 1946, and Leonard Read to AR, March 4, 1946,ARP 146-RE2. Read explained that he could never get foundation status for an “individualist”foundation but could for one dedicated to economic education.