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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.comNOTES TO PAGES 86–91311symbolic ways male and female characters interact. See Janice Radway, Reading theRomance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature 1984 Chapel Hill: Universityof North Carolina Press, 1991), 207. The rape scene is given extended treatment inGladstein and Sciabarra, Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand and Andrew Bernstein,“Understanding the ‘Rape’ Scene in The Fountainhead,” in Mayhew, Essays on AynRand’s The Fountainhead, 201–8.36. Shoshana Milgram, “The Fountainhead from Notebook to Novel: TheComposition of Ayn Rand’s First Ideal Man,” in Mayhew, Essays on Ayn Rand’s TheFountainhead, 3–40, provides a perceptive reading of these changes.37. See Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 107; Isabel Paterson, God ofthe Machine (1943; New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993), xii. This was in many ways anarticulation of a producer ethic, which Michael Kazin identifies as an important componentof populism. Kazin emphasizes that populism is a “flexible mode of persuasion,”and not all who employ the idiom should be identified as populists in a sociologicalsense. Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books,1995), 3.38. Although class need not play a primary role in Rand’s tale of individual heroism,its absence is telling. Her willingness to mount a critique of American society that elidesclass difference anticipates the later drift of political discussion in America and prefiguresthe right’s success at shifting the grounds of political debate from class to culture.See Daniel Bell, “Afterword (2001): From Class to Culture,” in The Radical Right, ed.Daniel Bell, 3rd ed. (1963; New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002), 447–503.39. Paterson, God of the Machine, 235. As Sumner put it, “The next pernicious thingto vice is charity in its broad and popular sense” (What Social Classes Owe to EachOther, 135).40. AR to John Gall, July 29, 1943, ARP 044–15-A.41. Lorine Pruette, “Battle against Evil,” New York Times Book Review, May 16, 1943,7, 18; Bett Anderson, “Idealism of Architect Is Background for Book,” Pittsburg Press,May 30, 1943; “Novel about a Young American Architect,” Providence Journal, May 16,1943; “Varieties of Complaint,” Times Literary Supplement, November 15, 1947, 589; DianaTrilling, “Fiction in Review,” The Nation, June 12, 1943, 843.42. See Cox’s discussion in The Woman and the Dynamo, 311–12.43. “Varieties of Complaint,” Times Literary Supplement, November 15, 1947, 589.44. The total number of fan letters Rand received is impossible to determine, for ather death numerous unopened mail bags were destroyed. I have examined approximatelyone thousand of the surviving fan letters that are housed in her papers. About two hundredof these letters were exclusively concerned with The Fountainhead. (Later lettersinspired by Atlas Shrugged also often mentioned The Fountainhead.) An exact breakdownof Rand’s readers is impossible to determine, but a random sample of letter writers from1943 to 1959 collected in one archival box indicates the diversity of her appeal. Out of 107letters written to Rand, seventy-six provided biographical details, with a breakdown asfollows: twenty writers identified themselves as high school students, seven as college students,and thirty-nine as married adults. Letter writers were geographically diverse anddid not hail from any particular region of the country. ARP, cartons 38 and 39.