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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com304 NOTES TO PAGES 41–44she experienced only a brief “Nietzsche phase.” According to Leonard Peikoff, “By herearly thirties, AR had thought herself out of every Nietzschian element.” Quoted inJournals of Ayn Rand, ed. David Harriman (New York: Penguin, 1997), ix. Similar argumentsabout Nietzsche’s transient influence are found in essays by Merrill, Mayhew,and Milgram in Robert J. Mayhew, ed., Essays on Ayn Rand’s We the Living (Lanham,MD: Lexington Books, 2004), and Chris Matthew Sciabarra, Ayn Rand: The RussianRadical (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), 103. These scholarsshare Rand’s understanding of Nietzschean ethics as solely a call for the strong todominate the weak. What is attributed to Nietzsche in this formulation may in factstem from other writers Rand read during this time, including Ortega y Gasset, OswaldSpengler, Albert Jay Nock, and H. L. Mencken, Nietzsche’s first American interpreterand a particular Rand favorite. I agree that there are many differences between Randand Nietzsche, most strikingly her absolutism as opposed to his antifoundationalism.Yet I approach the question of influence from a different angle, focusing primarily onNietzsche’s transvaluation of values and his call for a new morality. From this perspective,though Rand’s reliance on Nietzsche lessened over time, her entire career might beconsidered a “Nietzsche phase.”5. Journals, 77, 84, 87. Rand identified the aphorism from Beyond Good and Evil sheintended to use in her introduction to the twenty-fifth anniversary edition of the novel:“It is not the works, but the belief which is here decisive and determines the order ofrank—to employ once more an old religious formula with a new and deeper meaning—it is some fundamental certainty which a noble soul has about itself, something whichis not to be sought, is not to be found, and perhaps, also, is not to be lost. The noble soulhas reverence for itself.” Quoted in Rand, The Fountainhead, 50th anniversary ed. (1943;New York: Penguin, 1993), x.6. Journals, 78.7. Journals, 79, 80.8. Journals, 78.9. Journals, 93, 187.10. Second-Hand Lives notebook, ARP 167. An edited and revised version of thisquotation can be found in Journals, 80. It is notable that Rand spoke openly here aboutChristianity as an exemplar of the ideals she opposed, rather than altruism.11. Journals, 81; AR to Newman Flower, April 12, 1938, ARP 078–14x.12. Biographical Interview 11.13. Rand’s comments on Spengler have been excised from her published Journals butcan be found in First Philosophical Journal, ARP 166–02X. Skepticism about democracywas common among intellectuals across the political spectrum. See Edward Purcell, TheCrisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value (Lexington:University Press of Kentucky, 1973).14. This reference is deleted from page 81 of Rand’s published Journals but can befound in notebook “Second-Hand Lives,” December 4, 1935, 13, ARP 167–01B. Her referenceto racial determinism was not unusual for her time and place, although it is sharplyat odds with her later rejection of race as a collectivist concept.15. Journals, 84, 80.