Fore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com

More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.comESSAY ON SOURCES 295S E CONDARY SOURCE SThere is a large body of secondary scholarship on Rand, much of which has enhanced andsharpened my own ideas, and only a fraction of which I can mention here. Scholarshipon Rand has gone through roughly three overlapping waves. The first books writtenabout Rand attempted to either vindicate or denounce her philosophy. Into the criticalcamp fall works like William O’Neil’s With Charity towards None: An Analysis of AynRand’s Philosophy (1971) and Sidney Greenberg’s Ayn Rand and Alienation (1977). Booksthat defend Rand, many written by her former students, include Douglas J. Den Uyl andDouglass B. Rasmussen’s The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand (1984), Leonard Peikoff’sOminous Parallels: The End of Freedom in America (1982), and David Kelley’s Evidence of theSenses (1986). These works were largely consumed by the Objectivist community itself, aworld riven with breaks and schisms dating from Rand’s day. These dynamics are describedin Kelley, Truth and Toleration (1990) and The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand: Truth andToleration in Objectivism (2000).The 1986 publication of Barbara Branden’s Passion of Ayn Rand, followed by NathanielBranden’s Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand (1989), decisively shifted the terms ofdebate by bringing Rand’s personal life front and center, at the same time attracting abroad popular audience. As a historical source, Barbara Branden’s biography has bothstrengths and weaknesses. Like the material issued by Rand’s estate, it does not adhereto rigorous standards of accuracy. Sentences that are presented in quotes as if they werespoken verbatim by Rand have been significantly edited and rewritten, as anyone wholistens to or reads the original interviews Branden used will quickly detect. Rand neverlost either her Russian accent or her awkward sentence structure, and her actual wordsare full of circumlocutions and jarring formulations. Like the editors of Rand’s journals,Branden has created a new Rand, one far more articulate than in life.Moreover, Branden’s biography is marred by serious inaccuracies and tales that donot stand up to historical investigation, including the now debunked story that Randnamed herself after her typewriter. Too often Branden takes Rand’s stories about herselfat face value, reporting as fact information contradicted by the historical record.Although Branden’s biography was the first book to describe Rand’s early life, it shouldbe used with caution and in conjunction with volumes like Jeff Britting’s short biography,Ayn Rand (2004) and Anne Heller’s Ayn Rand and the World She Made (2009).Shoshana Milgram’s forthcoming authorized biography should become anotherresource of note.Nonetheless, as Rand’s closest friends for nearly twenty years, the Brandens’ memoirsremain important as accounts of Rand’s personal life. Barbara and Nathan were privyto Rand’s inner doubts, triumphs, and insecurities as were no others. Both memoirs aremarked by a certain amount of score settling, often between the Brandens themselves.Responding to postpublication criticism, Nathaniel Branden released a revised My Yearswith Ayn Rand (1999), notable primarily for its softened portrait of Barbara Branden andan addendum describing Rand’s encounter with his third wife. All three of the Brandens’books concur in the fundamentals of their first meeting with Rand, the progress oftheir relationship with her, and the events surrounding the rise and fall of NBI. Still the