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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.comIT USUALLY BEGINS WITH AYN RAND 271introduced to libertarianism through Murray Rothbard and cited bothRothbard and Rand in his pathbreaking book. Typically understood asa response to the egalitarianism of his Harvard colleague John Rawls,Anarchy, State, and Utopia must also be recognized as the fullest intellectualflowering of the libertarian subculture. Even while attacking theargument Rawls had propounded in A Theory of Justice, Nozick wasequally concerned with responding to Murray Rothbard and the ongoingminarchist/anarchist debate. He intended to establish that a statecould be compatible with “solid libertarian moral principles.” Nozickwas an enthusiastic member of the Libertarian Party, appearing at the1976 conference to argue on behalf of a VP candidate who had beenrejected due to his homosexuality. 66This libertarian move into the mainstream eroded the distinctionbetween academic and popular libertarianism, and with it Rand’s reputationamong libertarians. The gap between academic and popular (or“movement”) libertarianism first developed in the 1940s, when organizationssuch as the Foundation for Economic Education, the Volker Fund,and the Mont Pelerin Society began concentrating their funding on professionaleconomists, to the exclusion of popular writers like Rand, IsabelPaterson, and Rose Wilder Lane. As Rand developed Objectivism, professorssupported by libertarian organizations began to make their way intoacademia, many becoming associated with the University of Chicago.Rand’s claim to a comprehensive philosophy and her refusal to recognizeother libertarians besides Ludwig von Mises had kept many of her followersignorant of the strides libertarianism had made in the academy.Accordingly the early libertarian movement was shaped largely by popularizerslike Rand, Robert LeFevre, and Murray Rothbard. Now grassrootspublications such as A Is A Newsletter began paying attention to thelatest publications from Chicago, and Friedman and other luminarieslikewise reached out to the movement. Friedman was viewed with suspicionby many libertarians for his involvement in designing compulsorytax withholding, but his son David, an anarchist, was active in severalorganizations. Tipped off to the existence of a growing popular movement,the elder Friedman addressed an SIL convention via telephone andbegan promoting the group to his college audiences. 67The barriers between movement libertarians and the broader intellectualand political world were beginning to collapse. In 1973 a wave of