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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com262LEGACIESRevolution.” She imagined a grim future where a middle-class everymanmade his morning coffee on a gas stove, electric percolators andovens having been banned, and endured a two-and-a-half-hour commuteon the city bus, cars now likewise forbidden. “His wife washes diapersfor hours each day, by hand, as she washes all the family laundry, asshe washes the dishes—by hand, as there are no self-indulgent luxuriessuch as washing machines or automatic dishwashers.” As usual Randwas unwilling to accept the claims of a political movement at face value,convinced that hidden agendas drove the environmental movement.“Clean air is not the issue nor the goal of the ecologists’ crusade. . . . itis technology and progress that the nature-lovers are out to destroy,” shetold her listeners. 44Nature was not benevolent to Rand, but a force to be kept at bay byman’s reason. Petrograd under the Communists had fallen to nature,regressing from a citadel of European culture to a city stalked by starvation,where survival was a daily struggle. Now environmentalists seemedto be questioning the basic achievements of industrialization and commerce,the discoveries that had lifted man above the beasts. Collectivists,previously focused on inequality and injustice, were “now denouncingcapitalism for creating abundance.” In this context Apollo 11 stood out forRand as a bright sign of hope; it was not the powers of the state that shecelebrated, but the wonders of technology and human achievement. 45Rand missed the fact that environmentalism was yet another arenaof thought powered by selective appropriation of her work. She focusedrelentlessly on what historians call conservation environmentalism,which emphasized the dangers of technology and was resolutely antigrowth.But another strain of environmental thought had discoveredRand’s celebration of human creativity and the power of markets.Pragmatic or countercultural environmentalism focused on inventionand innovation, rather than regulation, as solutions to the environmentalcrisis. The survivalist Whole Earth Catalog, a hippy-techno-geek bible,was an important node of this movement. “We are as gods and mightas well get good at it,” the catalogue announced, striking a vaguelylibertarian note with its intention to support “a realm of intimate,personal power” and “the power of the individual.” Not surprisinglythe catalogue’s founder, Stewart Brand, thought Rand was an excitingthinker. 46