Fore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com

More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com212 WHO IS JOHN GALT? 1957–1968of some for distribution to others. In its basic outline Rand’s discussionof rights was similar to her “Textbook of Americanism,” which she hadshared with FEE decades earlier. Now her discussion was much moresophisticated, grounded in both a developed Objectivist philosophy andconcrete examples taken from history and politics.Similarly “The Nature of Government” expanded on the noninitiationprinciple that Rand had included in “Textbook of Americanism.”She repeated the idea in Atlas Shrugged and For the New Intellectual,making it a basic tenet of her ethics: “No man has the right to initiate theuse of physical force against others.” 56 Physical force was a core concernof Rand’s political philosophy, for she held that rights could only be violatedby physical force. The role of government was to protect individualrights by establishing a monopoly on the use of physical force. Citizenswould forgo the use of force knowing they would be protected by thegovernment, itself constrained by objectively defined laws. To protectmen from criminals and outside aggressors, the government wouldexercise its monopoly through police and armed forces.Although it sounded straightforward, Rand’s definition of force wasnuanced. She defined fraud, extortion, and breach of contract as force,thus enabling government to establish a legal regime that would createa framework for commerce. Critically, Rand also considered taxationto be an “initiation of physical force” since it was obtained, ultimately,“at the point of a gun.” This led her to a radical conclusion: that taxationitself was immoral. 57 In a separate essay, “Government Financing ina Free Society,” Rand considered the implications of taxation as force.In a truly free society, one without taxes, how would the governmenthave any money to perform its proper functions? She suggested a fewexamples, such as a fee tied to each contractual transaction, includingcredit transfers, or a government lottery. Such schemes “would notwork today,” Rand emphasized, delegating the details to “the field of thephilosophy of the law.” 58 Though the proper arrangements had yet tobe developed, the basic principles behind voluntary financing were theonly ones compatible with true freedom, she maintained.Like most of Rand’s books, The Virtue of Selfishness sold briskly, goingthrough four editions that totaled more than four hundred thousandcopies in its first four months. It also had an important impact on herpublic profile. At the suggestion of Robert Hessen, a Collective member