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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.comRADICALS FOR CAPITALISM 211he renewed his subscription to Rand’s magazine. 53 Cerf had wanderedinto a danger zone with Rand, who never reacted well to criticism. EvenNathan could not budge her on this point. He argued against her replacementtitle, The Virtue of Selfishness, claiming that it would obscure hermeaning and alienate readers, but Rand disagreed.When it appeared in 1964 The Virtue of Selfishness brought the politicaland philosophical ideas expressed in Rand’s newsletter to a muchwider audience. Most of the book reprinted articles that had alreadybeen published, but it did include one significant new essay, “TheObjectivist Ethics,” first delivered to a symposium at the University ofWisconsin. The piece reflected Rand’s new understanding of herself asan innovative philosopher. Much of the essay was heavy slogging, withRand carefully defining such key terms as “percept,” “concept,” and“abstraction.” From there she quickly translated her ideas into a commonidiom: “The principle of trade is the only rational ethical principlefor all human relationships, personal and social, private and public,spiritual and material. It is the principle of justice.” 54 Her elevation ofthe trader echoed the older libertarian idea of the contract society, inwhich individuals were finally liberated from feudal hierarchies. As shehad in the 1940s, Rand was revitalizing the inherited wisdom of libertariantheory for a new generation.Two other chapters, “Man’s Rights” and “The Nature of Government,”outlined Rand’s political philosophy and helped situate her relative tothe rapidly evolving right wing. In “Man’s Rights” she began by linkingcapitalism, private property, and individual rights, which eachdepended on the other. She then drew a careful distinction betweeneconomic and political rights. According to Rand, all rights were politicalrights, because rights pertained to actions, not results. “A right doesnot include the material implementation of that right by other men; itincludes only the freedom to earn that implementation by one’s owneffort.” Looking at the 1960 Democratic platform, which listed rights tohousing, a job, education, and so forth, she asked, “At whose expense?” 55The Democrats were attempting to redefine rights in economic terms,a move Rand rejected. She argued that the United States had thrivedbecause it recognized the supremacy of individual rights, which servedto limit and constrain government, the most dangerous threat. Shiftingto economic rights would empower the state to seize the private property