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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com192WHO IS JOHN GALT? 1957–1968into new cities, he took out newspaper advertisements describingObjectivism as the philosophy of Ayn Rand. In 1962 he and Barbarapublished a hagiographic biography, Who Is Ayn Rand?, which includedan essay by Nathan on the fundamentals of her philosophy. Slowly publicperception of Rand began to shift, establishing her as a philosopher,not just a novelist. The NBI ads and lectures made Objectivism into amovement, a larger trend with Rand at the forefront.Rand’s first published work of nonfiction, For the New Intellectual, setforth the creed her young fans would follow in the coming decade. Mostof the book consisted of excerpts from Rand’s already published fiction,except for the title essay, which called for a cadre of “New Intellectuals”who would work together with business to celebrate the achievements ofindustrialism and capitalism. In the essay Rand identified three categoriesof men who had clashed throughout history: Atillas (despotic rulers),Witch Doctors (priests and intellectuals), and Producers (spiritualforerunners of American businessmen). The first two terms, she noted,had been coined by Nathaniel Branden, whom she formally thanked forhis “eloquent designation.” 7 She traced their conflicts through Westernhistory until the Industrial Revolution, when two new social types wereborn: the modern businessman and the modern intellectual. Accordingto Rand, the two were supposed to work in tandem to manage, direct,and explain the changes stemming from the Industrial Revolution. Butintellectuals had committed “treason” in the face of this grave responsibility,choosing instead to hold down Producers by promoting altruismas an ethical imperative.Rand’s essay mixed history, philosophy, and polemic into a bewitchingbrew. While her typologies bore a clear resemblance to traditionaldivisions between proletariat, capitalist, and revolutionary vanguard,she centered these differences in mental outlook, not economic position.Producers were different from Witch Doctors and Atillas becausethey were independent and rational rather than mystical. Even thoughshe avoided the language of economic determinism, Rand saw history asa kind of spiritualized class struggle. She took readers on a rapid tour ofWestern intellectual history, quickly summarizing and critiquing severalmajor schools of philosophy.Rand then paused to clarify her most misunderstood and controversialidea, her attack upon altruism, or “moral cannibalism,” as she liked