Fore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com

More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com106FROM NOVELIST TO PHILOSOPHER, 1944–1957collectivism took the liberals over.” 16 The solution, then, was to shiftthe principles of nineteenth-century liberalism onto different ethicalgrounds that avoided altruism. Rand had a ready candidate at hand: herown system of selfishness that she had articulated in The Fountainhead.Rand looked more favorably on Ludwig von Mises, Hayek’s mentor,whose works she read during this time. As she explained to LeonardRead, Mises made mistakes when it came to morality, going “into thinair, into contradictions, into nonsense” whenever he discussed ethics.But at least he was “for the most part unimpeachable” on economics.Unlike Hayek, Mises was unwilling to consider political compromisesthat restricted the free market. Like Rand, he considered capitalism anabsolute, and for that Rand was willing to forgive his failure to understandand reject altruism. 17Rand intended to make known her differences with Hayek and Misesin a short nonfiction work titled “The Moral Basis of Individualism.”She proposed the project to Bobbs-Merrill as a booklet that would doubleas promotional material for The Fountainhead, but her ambitionsfor the project quickly grew. In her first notes she resurrected severalconcepts from her 1941 “Manifesto of Individualism,” including ActiveMan and Passive Man. As her title indicated, however, there were significantdifferences between the two works. Where the “Manifesto” hadskirted morality in favor of emphasizing the dangers of totalitarianism,now Rand wanted to make the case against altruism, which shecalled “spiritual cannibalism.” She emphasized that her readers couldchoose from two alternatives: “Independence of man from men is theLife Principle. Dependence of man upon men is the Death Principle.” 18This was the dilemma she had brought to life through Howard Roarkand Peter Keating. The challenge now was to explain it in simple termslinking her discussion to a defense of the capitalist system.As it turned out, writing “The Moral Basis of Individualism” wasmuch harder than Rand had anticipated. Nor did The Fountainheadneed much help. Like most publishers, Bobbs-Merrill had a strict paperquota due to the war, and it was unable to keep up with demand forRand’s enormous novel until it subcontracted distribution of the bookto Blakiston, a small press with a large paper quota. Blakiston releasedits own series of advertisements stressing the book’s themes that finallysatisfied Rand. In 1945 alone The Fountainhead sold 100,000 copies and