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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com94THE EDUCATION OF AYN RAND, 1905–1943of its poor and needy. I do, for when we begin trading our freedomfor monetary security, we lose both.” Another confessed, “My hatred ofRoosevelt became in time almost a mania. He stood for almost everythingI hated. It is quite clear that your own feeling equaled or exceededmine.” Rand’s individualism ran against the mainstream intellectualcurrents of her day, but it echoed the common Victorian idea thatdependence would create weakness or lead to moral degradation. As aPresbyterian minister from Indiana testified, “In Howard Roark I rediscoveredthe ‘individual’—the individual I had been brought up to beand believe in, but who had been lost somewhere in the miasma of intellectual,moral, and spiritual confusions spawned in the unhealthy jungleof preachers, professors, and the poverty of the Depression.” Rand wasright to sense that there still existed a strong antigovernment traditionin America and an almost instinctual fear of bureaucratization, regulation,and centralization. Even as it promoted a new morality, politicallythe novel reaffirmed the wisdom of the old ways. 50To those who already leaned libertarian the novel offered a strikingcounterpoint to traditional ideas of laissez-faire. As she had intended,The Fountainhead made individualism a living, breathing faith. Rand’semphasis on creativity, productivity, and the power of individuals cameas a bracing tonic to James Ingebretsen, who was just out of the armywhen he read The Fountainhead and Nock’s Memoirs of a SuperfluousMan. As he explained to a friend, “Howard Roark is the answer toNock[,] meaning creation, not escape, is the answer to the messy worldwe are living in. Freedom, not enslavement to others, is the answer forall of us. And so my course is crystal clear to me now.” Shortly afterwriting this letter Ingebretsen moved to Los Angeles, where he helpedorganize the Pamphleteers, one of the first libertarian groups foundedin the postwar era. Similarly the journalist John Chamberlain foundthat the combination of old and new solidified his political opinions.Chamberlain read Rand’s book in conjunction with Paterson’s God ofthe Machine and yet a third libertarian book published in 1943, RoseWilder Lane’s The Discovery of Freedom. He remembered that the threewriters “turned Nock’s conception of social power into a detailed reality”:“These books made it plain that if life was to be something morethan a naked scramble for government favors, a new attitude towardsthe producer must be created.” In the 1930s Chamberlain had been