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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com88THE EDUCATION OF AYN RAND, 1905–1943of values is not exclusive, for anyone could join Rand’s elite simply byloving their work. Instead of talking about the wealthy, she talked aboutthe independent, thereby sidestepping social class. Inequalities or differencesbetween characters are discussed in specific, individual terms,without reference to larger social structures. 38 Denizens of Hell’s Kitchenand the city’s toniest drawing rooms are evaluated by the same standardof independence.Even as it uncoupled libertarianism from its traditional elitism,The Fountainhead made a familiar argument that humanitarianismis simply a guise for those who seek power. The idea was not novelfor a time that had seen the birth of two new totalitarianisms. AlfredHitchcock’s film Foreign Correspondent, released in 1940, depicted thehead of Britain’s peace party as a German agent, hiding his diabolicaldesigns under the cover of pacifism. Paterson would make the point inher vividly titled chapter, “The Humanitarian and the Guillotine.” Inlater years Rand claimed credit for the ideas in this chapter, a contentionPaterson vigorously disputed. It is likely that Paterson did believein an ethics of self-interest prior to meeting Rand, for such beliefs werenot uncommon among supporters of laissez-faire. Paterson could havebeen paraphrasing William Graham Sumner, who was famously skepticalof humanitarianism, when she wrote, “Most of the harm in theworld is done by good people, and not by accident, lapse, or omission.It is the result of their deliberate actions, long persevered in, which theyhold to be motivated by high ideals toward virtuous ends.” Rand wasnot the first thinker to criticize altruism or to suggest that noble sentimentsoften cloak base motives. Indeed in the early libertarians Randhad stumbled across a rare community where her attack on altruismwas not taboo. 39What Rand offered was an unforgettable and highly stylized versionof this argument set in a modern context. Her primary vehicle was TheFountainhead’s villain Ellsworth Toohey, who angles for power throughthe promotion of collectivist ideas. Subtly he influences the Wynandpapers: “If a statement involved someone’s personal motive, it was always‘goaded by selfishness’ or ‘egged by greed.’ A crossword puzzle gave thedefinition of ‘obsolescent individuals’ and the word came out as ‘capitalists’” (588). In a speech he parodies Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms: “If youwere assigned to a job and prohibited from leaving it, it would restrain