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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.comA NEW CREDO OF FREEDOM 87Along with deleting Vesta, Rand worked to purge the manuscript ofher previous fixation on Nietzsche. In the first version of the manuscriptshe prefaced each of the four sections with an aphorism from BeyondGood and Evil. Now she removed these headings, and also removedseveral direct allusions to Nietzsche in the text of the novel. Still, shecould not eliminate from The Fountainhead all of the vengeful scornthat had powered her earlier work. Particularly in the sections of thenovel that treat Gail Wynand, her old horror at the mob returns. Randdemonstrated Wynand’s lost possibilities by focusing on the massesto which he has sold his soul. One desperate night Wynand walks thestreets of New York, his sense of degradation sharp as he smells the subway,“the residue of many people put together, of human bodies pressedinto a mass,” and passes drunks, tenement housewives, taxi drivers, andsaloons. “I surrendered to the grocery man—to the deck hands on theferryboat—to the owner of the poolroom,” he thinks (661, 662). His discoveryof his own value is twinned with disgust for these others, who“can produce nothing” (663). Pages later Rand tried to counterbalancethese descriptions with her positive rendering of the jury, but her contemptuousattitudes still color the novel.When contrasted with other contemporary celebrations of individualism,however, it becomes clear just how innovative The Fountainheadwas. Elitism and populism were two impulses that had always coexisteduneasily in the defense of unregulated capitalism. Nock’s Memoirs of aSuperfluous Man, for example, is a credo shot through with educateddisdain for the common man. At the same time opponents of the NewDeal insisted that men, if left alone, could properly work out their owndestiny. Like Sumner they glorified “the forgotten man,” the ordinaryworkers who maintained what Paterson called “the set-up” withoutinterference from government. 37 Defenders of laissez-faire invoked bothelite privilege and the wonders of the ordinary, self-sufficient citizen,often in the same breath.The Fountainhead finessed this contradiction and escaped libertarianism’sfatal elitism through Rand’s theory of ethics. For all her bluster,Rand’s ethics were rather anodyne. Roark tells the jury, “Degrees of abilityvary, but the basic principle remains the same; the degree of man’sindependence, initiative, and personal love for his work determine histalent as a worker and his worth as a man” (681). The book’s hierarchy