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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.comA NEW CREDO OF FREEDOM 83mixed brawn and intellect: “two executives of industrial concerns, twoengineers, a mathematician, a truck driver, a brick layer, an electrician,a gardener and three factory workers.” Although several of the jurorsare recognizable as men of exceptional achievement, the majority aremanual workers of little distinction. Rand makes clear that they arehard-working types who have seen much of life, writing that Roarkchose those with “the hardest faces.” 31 If the jury understood Roark’sargument, they would demonstrate their ability to recognize andreward individual genius.First, though, the jury had to hear Rand’s philosophy of life. Roarkbegins with a history lesson, arguing that all important achievementshave come from creators who stood opposed to their time. Just as Randemphasized in her “Manifesto,” Roark explains to the jury that creativityis inextricably linked to individualism: “This creative faculty cannotbe given or received, shared or borrowed. It belongs to single, individualmen” (679). He situates the government’s alteration of his designwithin the global struggle of collectivism versus individualism andrepeats Rand’s idea that good stems from independence and evil fromdependence. Within this framework Roark’s individual decision trumpsthe rights of government, future tenants, or any other involved parties,because “the integrity of a man’s creative work is of greater importancethan any charitable endeavor” (684).Though it closely followed the “Manifesto,” Roark’s speech introduceda new theme that was to become one of Rand’s signature ideas:the evil of altruism. In her first notes for the novel Rand had attackedChristian ethics, but now she attacked altruism. In the speech Roarkidentifies second-handers as preachers of altruism, which he defines as“the doctrine which demands that man live for others and place othersabove self” (680). The origins of Rand’s shift from Christianity to altruismare unclear, but her conversations with the philosophically literatePaterson most likely played a role. Regardless of where she picked upthe term, Rand’s use of altruism reflected her refinement and abstractionof the concepts that had underlain the novel from the very start. Atfirst she had understood the second-hander as a kind of glorified socialclimber. The frame of altruism significantly broadened this idea, allowingRand to situate her characters within a larger philosophical and ethicaluniverse. Identifying altruism as evil mirrored Rand’s celebration