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More oxford books @ www.OxfordeBook.comFore more urdu books visit www.4Urdu.com62THE EDUCATION OF AYN RAND, 1905–1943is individual. So is all parenthood. So is every creative process.” 59 ThePolitical Sphere was the opposite of the Creative Sphere and must beextremely limited in scope lest it destroy individual creativity.Closely related to the two spheres was Rand’s next dyad, of ActiveMan and Passive Man. Even as she set them up as polar opposites, Randrecognized that “in every one of us there are two opposite principlesfighting each other: the instinct of freedom and the instinct of security.”But both man and societies could be defined as either active orpassive, and there was “a strange law in their relationship.” 60 If societywas geared toward the needs of the Passive Man, the Active Man wouldbe destroyed; yet if society responded to the needs of the Active Man,he would carry along both Passive Man and all of society as he rose.Therefore modern humanitarians were caught in a paradox: in restrictingthe Active to benefit the Passive, they undercut their basic goal.This clash between Active and Passive even structured world history,according to Rand. When the Active Man was ascendant, civilizationmoved forward, only to succumb to the lure of the security needed bythe Passive Man. It was a cycle of light and dark that had continuedfor centuries, and now Rand saw another round dawning in America:“[W]hen a society allows prominence to voices claiming that IndividualFreedom is an evil—the Dark Ages are standing on its threshold. Howmany civilizations will have to perish before men realize this?” 61Active and Passive Man were, at base, variations on the concepts ofcreator and the second-hander that underlay Rand’s developing novel.Now appearing in nonfiction form, the same ideas gave Rand a classtheory of sorts. She was quick to emphasize that the passive type of manwas not necessarily a member of the working classes or the “so-calleddowntrodden.” In fact, working men understood quite well the natureof individual effort and initiative. The highest concentration of collectivistswould be found in two other classes, Rand ventured: the secondgenerationmillionaires and the Intellectuals. Most intellectuals weresecond-raters with a lust for power, she alleged. It was they who hadhelped Stalin, while the millionaires helped Hitler, aided by “the lowestelements” in both cases. She concluded, “Tyrannies come from aboveand below. The great middle is the class of Freedom.” 62Here was the clearest influence of the Willkie campaign on herthinking. Before, Rand had spoken only of the superior man and his