Often it is the same madam who moves around inside Europe to go and “take”a woman who, because of the intervention of the police or due to other problemsduring the journey, had to temporarily stay abroad. If the madam cannot move shecan rely on one of the affiliates present in the territory who, against payment, willaccompany the woman to Italy. Also, when the women are repatriated, a welltestedsystem is put in place which permits immediate contact and the successivere-embarkation towards Europe 56 .The cluster development as a mechanism of self-reproductionAn important and characteristic aspect of the organisational structure isconstituted by its ability to multiply itself and to always create new branches, evenif only for some specific tasks.In many criminal proceedings some persons “appear”, mostly women of thesame nationality, to whom it is possible to give the victims for a certain period oftime: for example in the case w<strong>here</strong> a search by the police is feared or in the casew<strong>here</strong> the madam must absent herself for a certain period of time and prefers tokeep a close control over her women.Often it is a sporadic collaboration, given out of economic necessity and whichwill not give birth to another knot in the exploitation network.However t<strong>here</strong> are numerous cases of ex-prostitutes who, having paid their debtand liberated themselves, start to manage other women following a type of subtenderby their old madam: the so-called controllers.As can be seen in Figure 7, taken from the investigation quoted (undertaken inUdine), it is in most cases women who, once having obtained freedom from theorganisation find themselves without any documents and irregularly present onItalian territory. It is t<strong>here</strong>fore very difficult for them to start any type of work and,on the other hand is practically impossible, to return to Nigeria without being ableto demonstrate success regarding their migration.Nothing remains but “to put oneself in business” collaborating with their oldmadam to manage some women, or otherwise acquiring one or two girls to start tomanage them, under her supervision. In this way the madam manages to makemoney on a larger number of women and also succeeds to optimise hermanagement, thanks to the help of the controller who in part <strong>allo</strong>ws her to evadethe controls of the police.56It is thought that already at the airport in the stay centres for women repatriated to Nigeria t<strong>here</strong> issomeone to meet them, take them, and place them again in the traffic.
This naturally does not mean that every woman freed from exploitation afterhaving paid the debt becomes a madam, but it highlights how the system is such asto favour its continuous development in a sort of self-reproduction of itsconstitutive mechanisms, paradoxically favoured by legal restrictions and theinstitutional “defence” regulations put in place to fight illegal immigration. It is infact the impossibility, once inside Italian territory, to regularise the woman’sposition - one of the elements which favours the stay within illegal environmentsand the expansion of the same.Figure No.7 - Source: Operation Edo - final notes on the Nigerian mafia - Questura ofUdine, 1998.The capacity to exploit occasions: the example of the request forasylumA further demonstration of the capillarity of the organisation and also of itscapacity to profit from every occasion is, for example, an investigation undertakenin the area of Udine 57 w<strong>here</strong> many accused possessed false Somali passports. Beingone of those years of one of the many conflicts that interested Somalia, theNigerians managed to profit from the situation, obtaining false Somali passports(probably paying the men of war at that time) and thus having an easier access toEurope as refugees.57This investigation refers to facts verified in 1994 and in 1997.
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TRAFFICKINGOF NIGERIAN GIRLSTO ITAL
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F O R E W O R D1. Objectives and st
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and who have identified the most si
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on the other hand, for those involv
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Case files analysed: Preventive det
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Table 2 - Socio-economic situation
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Table 3 - Nigerian citizens regular
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Table 5 - Social protection permiss
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Table 7 - Number of persons charged
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Table 8 - Detainee population sub-d
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and the United States enables this
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C H A P T E R IW a y s a n d p h a
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Figure No.2 - Edo State.It is not c
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Nigeria. From 1996 in Benin City an
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In this variegated framework, the d
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“Benin City is one of those State
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Various privileged witnesses of the
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In the first years of the traffic o
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pay considerable sums for lodging,
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and necessary, therefore, to think
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in many cases they are driven to th
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Melossi, D., (2002), “Le teorie s