The same thing happens to the women arriving in Spain via the Strait ofGibraltar who generally are intercepted by the Spanish police and accompanied to acentre of reception/permanence.When they go out of the centre of reception/permanence, after having receivedthe expulsion order, the woman finds waiting for her a person (either the madam ora man working for her) who accompanies her in Italy, eluding the controls.It is very evident that this type of intervention is possible only thanks to theexistence of a wide network, flexible, with ramifications in Nigeria and in the otherAfrican countries, as well as Europe.2.2 The journey seen through the account of thevictimsIn the testimony of the victims the experience of the journey may occupy ashort space or become a long and detailed account of an adventurous experience. Inthe first case, the concision can be due to the fact that it was a rapid transfer fromNigeria to Western Europe or Italy, via air; otherwise it could depend on the factthat, even if the journey lasted months, it is very hard to remember. One shouldalso add the total lack of knowledge of the countries, passed through and theirgeographical position in relation to the final destination, on the part of the womentransported for long stages inside a lorry or covered wagon and by foot, often atnight, on the tracks in the desert or on mountain trails.The girls generally are accompanied by so-called trolleys: men, not always ofNigerian nationality, who can change during the various stages of the journey orcan be the same for the whole journey.In some cases, for those who depart from the airport of Lagos, the presence ofsome escort, who normally finishes his work at the airport, facilitating the passageof the woman through the police controls prior to embarking, may not be foreseen.“The trolley should have escorted me to inside the airport, he should pay thepolice who were t<strong>here</strong> who help me enter the aircraft ” (Interview Victim No.4).“I left on my own (...) then I arrived in Hungary at Budapest with the plane,they had given me the address, I called this hotel and arrived t<strong>here</strong>, they gave me aroom and I was t<strong>here</strong> for three days. I called to say I was in Budapest, I calledNigeria and I called X who was in Rome. He told me «Be calm I send someone tocollect you»” (Interview Victim No.5).In general this type of organisation is only for single girls. At the destinationairport the girls may find an accompanier or may have the address of the pension,hotel or house w<strong>here</strong> they should report as a reception post to find the necessarysupport to reach the final destination. From some accounts it has emerged that evenin the case of women who, arriving at the intermediate stage of the journey, had totelephone the madam in Nigeria or whoever should have met them in Italy, to have
new dispositions and contacts to continue the journey. In this case the womenenjoy a certain autonomy for a part or for the entire duration of the journey. Theymanage autonomously their travel documents and money (generally 1,000 USD orEuros) provided to them on departure. Once arrived in Italy, the documents andremaining money are taken away and with this any illusion of autonomy.Sometimes the moving by air takes place in small groups of 3 or 4 persons. Inthis case t<strong>here</strong> is generally an escort and each of the components of the groupinterprets a role corresponding to what is written on the travel documents.“T<strong>here</strong> were four of us. So I was the friend of his wife, another girl was hiswife, the other two were going to do business, but we were all accompanied”(Interview Victim No.7).Such small groups, once the air journey is finished can continue the journeywith the same accompanier or divide up and follow different routes with differentaccompaniers responsible for the different parts of the journey. Along the journeythe girls often find hospitality in houses of co-nationals which are reception andsorting points.Speaking with the victims it appears that with short journeys by air, withdeparture from the airport of Lagos and destination in Western Europe, t<strong>here</strong> haverecently been difficulties because of more controls. Such difficulty has in part beenovercome through different choices of the departure airports (from other Africancountries such as Ghana, Togo, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Mali) and/or the use ofdisembarkation at airports in Eastern Europe. Amongst these airports, Budapestseems to be particularly used.From the accounts t<strong>here</strong> emerges an organisation dedicated to the traffic ofhuman beings well placed in the Eastern European territory and which the Nigeriancriminals use to bring the girls illegally into Italy to place in prostitution. From theaccounts of the women it seems that among the “white” people accompanyingthem, who operate to permit the passage between the Eastern European countriesand in particular the crossing of the Italian-Slovenian border, t<strong>here</strong> are Italians.Generally, after arrival in Budapest with a direct flight from Nigeria or otherairports in nearby states t<strong>here</strong> follows a stopover period, which can vary from somedays to some weeks, during which the victims are hidden in rooms, or undergroundin private houses. The reason for such stopovers probably is because of thenecessity to regroup a conspicuous number of persons to undertake the long movetowards Italy. What characterises this route is in fact the presence of large groupscomposed of immigrants of different nationalities.The journey, which starting from Budapest arrives at the Slovenian border,includes a long overland journey in covered trucks or wagons and on foot overimpervious ground, usually at night. The journey can last a few days, or evenmonths: “depending on luck”, state the victims. What is certain is that thetraffickers finish their work using every method to overcome the difficulties thatthey encounter along the way and to bring their “merchandise” to destination.As far as the other possibility, represented by overland journeys, with cars,buses or other means, the witnesses speak about long and often tragic movements
- Page 1: TRAFFICKINGOF NIGERIAN GIRLSTO ITAL
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- Page 25 and 26: and the United States enables this
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- Page 31 and 32: Nigeria. From 1996 in Benin City an
- Page 33 and 34: In this variegated framework, the d
- Page 36: “Benin City is one of those State
- Page 39 and 40: Various privileged witnesses of the
- Page 41 and 42: In the first years of the traffic o
- Page 43 and 44: pay considerable sums for lodging,
- Page 45 and 46: The routesWe find at least three ty
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- Page 53 and 54: Then he sends her in a taxi to the
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- Page 57 and 58: detainees go towards the refectory,
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- Page 74 and 75: have no shop and then there is no p
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work arrangements (…) persons tha
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man all the money she had in the ho
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in the plates and everything and th
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exploitation) has reached an amount
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C H A P T E R V IT h e e n d o f t
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A: «You have to bring me a present
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Often the family is however not abl
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the different evaluations of the as
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The discussions on the possibility
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eal results: to distance herself fr
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of a different culture is very impo
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C H A P T E R V I IC o n s i d e r
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In the case of the girls having mor
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As has been many times noted, the c
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under the profile of the “quality
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person to obtain either relevant re
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Numerous are the criminal juridical
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If the accused claims to not knowin
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sanctions, sometimes, also in prese
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d) Investigative and judiciary co-o
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The reform foresees, under Art. 1,
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which the woman can definitively tu
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witnesses, social operators - agree
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and necessary, therefore, to think
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in many cases they are driven to th
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Melossi, D., (2002), “Le teorie s