pay, then from the first day that they told me that someone will come to make meswear that I will pay, they told me that he was ill, that he could not go out and said«No, she is too religious t<strong>here</strong> is no need to do this» ” (Interview Victim No.3).More frequent are the cases of witnesses collected by the police that report on atotal subjection to wodoo, subjection that we could define as an “immaterial” formof reduction to slavery: “They are terrorised, really terrorised by these rites, sothey are careful…even faced with our intervention and the fact that the madamswere in handcuffs, arrested, an objective fact, indisputable…not even this hasconvinced them to say something (…). Its crazy, you have no idea what a wodoocan do” (Questura of Venice).The interesting aspect is that believing in the rite, in its “capacity to determinegood or evil” is shared even by the madams.In numerous interceptions of telephone calls it emerges that the madam presentin Italy asks the Nigerian madam advice on how to keep the Questura (local StatePolice office) away, or asks to have some things (objects, powder, animals) sent tocelebrate a propitious rite, to stop the girls escaping or against the intervention ofthe same Questura.“We had the telephonic interception of a pimp who had first acquired a sheepto make a rite against us, then a crocodile. It is like that, in their culture”(Questura of Turin).“To speak about ‘popular credibility’, faced with cases like this, will not permitcapturing the essence of this instrument. Here, in fact, we do not face a magicianwho, consciously, abusing the ‘popular credibility’, with artefacts and tricks,plagiarisms, pins in money to the unfortunate placing before him a future of miseryand misadventure, that only his potions, filters, etc. can avoid, inasmuch as heknows well that the black future foreseen will not occur, or if it should occur, itdepends on other things. In our case, conversely, t<strong>here</strong> is the understanding fromthe slaughterer and the victims to find themselves faced with something thattranscends human nature and is certainly capable of determining, changing thecourse of the events. It is the same who believes in the magic rite, because sheherself resorts to this when she thinks that events are moving against her, and it isthe evaluation of this aspect that makes swearing that instrument of pressure andthreat, perhaps more ‘convincing’ and dangerous than a weapon, as commonlyunderstood, if, as in our case, victim and aggressor believe in “the rite” thinkingthat this must be honoured if one does not want to draw the wrath of the gods”(Preventive detention order, criminal proceeding - Naples, 1999).1.4 Debt and the contractEvery Nigerian woman, forced to prostitute herself on Italian territory, departswith a debt to those who have given her the possibility of reaching Italy, theamount of which today is around 50,000-60,000 Euros.
In the first years of the traffic of women from Nigeria the debt was certainlylower, around 50 million Lire (about 25,000 Euros) but with the passing of theyears it has progressively increased.For what reason? According to the major part of those interviewed it is notpossible to establish any relationship with the type of girl or the cost of the journey:the debt itself does not vary according to whether the victim is a woman potentiallyable to earn more because she is younger, beautiful or because a longer journey toreach Italy was complex and costly.“It is a historical fact, in the beginning it cost less, now it costs more”(Questura of Udine): faced with this apparent absence of explanations we canimagine that t<strong>here</strong> is, instead, the knowledge that the risks of losing a girl uponarrival has increased by an eventual expulsion or, in itinere, because leaving thework on the street and denouncing those who have profited, or otherwise becauseof the increase of violence on the part of the clients, it is economically moreadvantageous and prudent to request a larger sum of money. Another motive maybe the increase in the costs of the intermediaries or the greed of different subjectsthat participate in the undertaking of the project, who think they can profit more forthe same risks.It should also be said that faced with these greater requests for money t<strong>here</strong> wasnot any particular rebellion: the rebellion, as we will see further on, is connected ifat all - but not always - to “not maintaining the pact”, to the modification of thesum due or to resort to subterfuges.The failed rebellion to the initial request of a large sum in many cases is due tothe absence, on the part of the victim, of a clear perception of the significance ofthat sum, of what it means to be able to earn such a sum of money:“She tells me that I should prostitute myself for her and pay 70 million. I say,what is 70 million because I don’t understand Italian money, she tells me that inour money it is 3 million and 500. With that money you can buy 3, 4 apartments. Isay «But how does one pay? How many years?». She says «Even one year, t<strong>here</strong>are many who pay that sum»” (Interview Victim No.8).“They explained to me how much this is in Nigerian money, 40,000 dollars, asum with two thousand zeros. Only when the girls come <strong>here</strong> do they understand…for some girls the cultural level is also so low ” (Questura of Venice).Such a financial pledge in some cases is made official through the signature ofa “contract” before a so-called notary: little is known about what this signatureimplies, the impression, however is that it is a pledge with legal validity in Nigeriainasmuch as in some court cases it is said that the family is formally contested withthe lack of payment of such a sum and for that reason the members of the familyare sent to prison.Apart from legal validity of the contract, it is sure that the family becomesguarantor for the payment and, in the case the girl escapes, the payment is directlyrequested to the family in Nigeria on the part of those who followed the initialphases of the traffic.
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arms), tortured in many different f
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C H A P T E R VT h e o r g a n i s
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Each penal procedure on the subject
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Often it is the same madam who move
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Even in numerous recent criminal pr
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work arrangements (…) persons tha
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man all the money she had in the ho
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in the plates and everything and th
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exploitation) has reached an amount
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C H A P T E R V IT h e e n d o f t
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A: «You have to bring me a present
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Often the family is however not abl
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the different evaluations of the as
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The discussions on the possibility
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eal results: to distance herself fr
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of a different culture is very impo
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C H A P T E R V I IC o n s i d e r
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In the case of the girls having mor
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As has been many times noted, the c
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under the profile of the “quality
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person to obtain either relevant re
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Numerous are the criminal juridical
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If the accused claims to not knowin
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sanctions, sometimes, also in prese
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d) Investigative and judiciary co-o
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The reform foresees, under Art. 1,
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which the woman can definitively tu
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witnesses, social operators - agree
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and necessary, therefore, to think
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in many cases they are driven to th
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Melossi, D., (2002), “Le teorie s