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Table 9 - Foreign detainees present in the penal institutions at 31/5/2002 sub-divided byorigin and sexCountry Foreign detainees % of foreign detainees % womenMorocco 3,797 22.2 0.4Albania 2,790 16.3 2.5Tunisia 2,109 12.3 0.9Algeria 1,538 9.0 0.5Yugoslavia 902 5.3 12.6Romania 736 4.3 6.9Nigeria 576 3.4 27.1Columbia 516 3.0 26.2Croatia 213 1.2 13.1Senegal 202 1.2 1.0Ecuador 165 1.0 27.9Egypt 165 1.0 1.8Turkey 156 0.9 1.9China 153 0.9 10.5Peru 145 0.8 20.7Total 17,095 100.0 6.0Source: Caritas, 2002.4. A first glance at Nigerian criminalityNigerian criminality has been for a number of years indicated as a pervasivecriminality, spread throughout Europe as in the United States and in SouthAmerica, principally dedicated to the drug trade, the trade in women for sexualexploitation and falsification of documents, activities which predominate.In the last twenty years Nigeria has affirmed itself on the international scene:by the presence of drug traffickers: notwithstanding that it is not a drugproducing country, it is active with a strong nucleus of criminals dedicated tosubstances destined for re-exportation rather than for the local market, whichmakes it one of the main crossroads of the drug trade in Africa;for the trade in Nigerian women mostly originating from the south of thecountry and in particular from Edo State with the aim of sexual exploitation.One of the points of force of Nigerian criminality is its capability of “losing itstracks”: changing the places connected to the drug traffic, constantly utilising falsedocumentation, employing very numerous young labour (not only Nigerian, butalso coming from nearby countries) knowing how to weave relations withAmerican or European citizens for certain activities to be carried out in the west(such as drug couriers within Europe or false employers for regularisation).Strong links with the mother country, a network of relationships on aninternational level, an apparent low profile make up the three strong points ofNigerian criminality.The presence of strong links with persons resident in the country, linked withthe possibility to trust the knots in the criminal network spread throughout Europe
and the United States enables this criminality to move rapidly, to react to newsituations. The capacity to act in silence, to not be a source of social alarm, to evenhide from its “workers”, the real entity of trafficking allows these groups to makethe organisation level invisible concealed behind the activities undertaken.In Italy the Nigerian criminal presence is concentrated in some areas andprincipally in the North, in Piedmont and in Veneto; the south is noted for theabsence of such criminality with the notable exception of Campania and, even if ina minor measure, of Lazio.Campania, or better the Domitian area between Naples and Caserta, is a stableinstallation since about twenty years, of regular and irregular 14 Nigerians, inparticular in the city of Castelvolturno. The criminality installed here shouldobviously discount the hegemony of the Italian organisations, and in particular inthe area of Caserta, the clan of the Casalesi: the local organisation is essential toallow criminal activities to be undertaken.One should say however that a balance has been arrived at in which theNigerians are allowed a good margin of autonomy, to undertake the drug trade andin particular to work undisturbed in the exploitation of prostitution. If for the drugtrade we can imagine the existence of an agreement between this ethnic group andthe Camorra clan, for the trafficking in women for sexual exploitation the situationappears to be that of total autonomy, apart from the exploitation by Italiancriminality of the possibility of profit that such an activity offers them by the loanof collateral services (for example the renting of apartments or management ofcommercial activities) and the control of the territory.The Domitian littoral is noted as being a dominating presence on the road ofNigerian women and the city of Castelvolturno is one of the centres of residence ofa good part of the madams even though operating in other territories of Italy.According to the operators of a community which for years has worked in this city,the Nigerian citizens are so rooted in the territory as to have created well structuredcontacts with the other Nigerian communities in Italy and to have fixed within thatcontext the thinking head of the organisation which manages the traffic and theexploitation of prostitution.Such affirmations are difficult to support with statistical data, but it isundoubtedly true that the Domitian littoral appears to be the territory in Campaniawhere the areas of irregularity and criminality are mainly concentrated involvingthe migrant population, with particular reference to the Nigerians, Albanians andNorth Africans (drug traffic, exploitation of prostitution, exploitation of workers,etc.).Piedmont is characterised with the concentration of Nigerian criminality in thecapital of the region, which is the principal place of habitual residence of thewomen who prostitute themselves in the provincial, regional territory and in certaincities such as Novara, Milan, Genoa and Piacenza.In Triveneto there is also an important presence of Nigerian prostitutes in thearea between the provinces of Padua and Treviso and around Verona. In the past14For data on citizens staying see Table 2 and the considerations in paragraph 1.
Page 1: TRAFFICKINGOF NIGERIAN GIRLSTO ITAL
Page 5 and 6: F O R E W O R D1. Objectives and st
Page 7 and 8: and who have identified the most si
Page 9 and 10: on the other hand, for those involv
Page 11: Case files analysed: Preventive det
Page 15 and 16: Table 2 - Socio-economic situation
Page 17 and 18: Table 3 - Nigerian citizens regular
Page 19 and 20: Table 5 - Social protection permiss
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 - Number of persons charged
Page 23: Table 8 - Detainee population sub-d
Page 27 and 28: C H A P T E R IW a y s a n d p h a
Page 29 and 30: Figure No.2 - Edo State.It is not c
Page 31 and 32: Nigeria. From 1996 in Benin City an
Page 33 and 34: In this variegated framework, the d
Page 36: “Benin City is one of those State
Page 39 and 40: Various privileged witnesses of the
Page 41 and 42: In the first years of the traffic o
Page 43 and 44: pay considerable sums for lodging,
Page 45 and 46: The routesWe find at least three ty
Page 47 and 48: Figure No.5 - Trafficking routes th
Page 49 and 50: The journey overland through Africa
Page 51 and 52: new dispositions and contacts to co
Page 53 and 54: Then he sends her in a taxi to the
Page 55 and 56: T. remains in this house for 21 day
Page 57 and 58: detainees go towards the refectory,
Page 59 and 60: At this point the organisation esco
Page 61 and 62: was accepted by the Ivory Coast pol
Page 63 and 64: B.E. «Yes, I was given a Ghanaian
Page 65 and 66: Now the documents are “hired”:
Page 67 and 68: It is understood however that the v
Page 69 and 70: “There is no Nigerian passport wh
Page 72 and 73: C H A P T E R I VL i v i n g a n d
Page 74 and 75:
have no shop and then there is no p
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The cost to manage the house and th
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mine since a long time, he can’t
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A feminine managementIn analysing t
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“There are many pimps that when y
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The control of movementThe fact tha
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Physical punishments can be made by
Page 88 and 89:
Control between psychological subje
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arms), tortured in many different f
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C H A P T E R VT h e o r g a n i s
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Each penal procedure on the subject
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Often it is the same madam who move
Page 98 and 99:
Even in numerous recent criminal pr
Page 100 and 101:
work arrangements (…) persons tha
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man all the money she had in the ho
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in the plates and everything and th
Page 106 and 107:
exploitation) has reached an amount
Page 108 and 109:
C H A P T E R V IT h e e n d o f t
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A: «You have to bring me a present
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Often the family is however not abl
Page 114 and 115:
the different evaluations of the as
Page 116 and 117:
The discussions on the possibility
Page 118 and 119:
eal results: to distance herself fr
Page 120 and 121:
of a different culture is very impo
Page 122 and 123:
C H A P T E R V I IC o n s i d e r
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In the case of the girls having mor
Page 126 and 127:
As has been many times noted, the c
Page 128 and 129:
under the profile of the “quality
Page 130 and 131:
person to obtain either relevant re
Page 132 and 133:
Numerous are the criminal juridical
Page 134 and 135:
If the accused claims to not knowin
Page 136 and 137:
sanctions, sometimes, also in prese
Page 138 and 139:
d) Investigative and judiciary co-o
Page 140 and 141:
The reform foresees, under Art. 1,
Page 142 and 143:
which the woman can definitively tu
Page 144 and 145:
witnesses, social operators - agree
Page 146:
and necessary, therefore, to think
Page 149 and 150:
in many cases they are driven to th
Page 151 and 152:
Melossi, D., (2002), “Le teorie s
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