here - Cooperazione Italiana allo Sviluppo

More documents

Recommendations

Info

in the plates and everything and the car, as a scrap metal, is loaded into acontainer” (Questura of Turin).Not be excluded are other uses linked to particular interests or needs, but this ismore opaque. In a penal case, which dates to the period when there was still amilitary dictatorship in Nigeria, confidential information was gathered 69 : part of themoney gained from the traffic was utilised for activities for the political fightagainst the military regime.The links to the drug tradeApart from the money reinvested in the traffic of women and buying of housesand cars, what remains to be explained is the final destination of other huge sumsof money accumulated thanks to the traffic of women. The money sent by moneytransfer or courier to Nigeria and other parts of the world, and at least a part of themoney which remains in Italy, how is this employed?There are at least two hypotheses formulated, which do not exclude each other,but can also compete.In the last report of the Investigative Antimafia Directorate, in relation to theNigerian criminality, they write “The exploitation of prostitution, together withfalse documents, represents the principal instrument of self-financing to developmore important illegal traffic” 70 .According to many of the observers the main illegal investment is the traffic indrugs.Since at least a quarter of a century, the groups from Nigeria have been activein the drug trade, in particular cocaine and white heroin. Even if it is not aproducing country, in the ‘70s Nigeria became an important crossroad in the drugtrade so much as to cover about 50% of the North American market for cocaine. Itis thought that the saturation of the American market was the origin of the openingof the European market.The organisation dedicated to the drug trade is characterised by a strongorganisational capacity, high flexibility in the use of the routes to make the drugarrive in Europe, and the possibility of having many false documents which permitthe affiliates and the couriers to move practically undisturbed between differentcountries, using the nationality and identity most adapted to the moment.The system used for the drug trade is principally that of the so-called“ovulators”: persons who swallow ovules containing drugs and make the journeyhiding the substance. The system is notably parcelled so as to avoid, in the case ofan arrest of someone, the loss of a considerable quantity of the drug.Such parcelling is possible because the organisation has on hand a wide numberof individuals available as couriers, coming from different African countries, inparticular Ghana and Liberia. In different cases it has also been noticed the use of69This is Operazione Edo.70Ministero degli Interni, Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (2002).
couriers, even less open to suspicion, Italians or even Europeans, with no policerecords, provided with false documents and in some cases even NATO passports.Some of the characteristics of the drug trade, here rapidly described, remindone of the trades in women for sexual exploitation: flexibility of the routes and ofthe organisations, the use of labour coming from sub-Saharan Africa, the wideavailability of false documents.In different investigations 71 however there have been found points of contactbetween the two trades: the madam had acquired a quantity, even modest, of drugswhich she then sold; her companion or husband at the time was dedicated to thedrug trade, or while undertaking some functions inside the traffic in women therewere subjects with criminal records for trade in drugs.There are cases in which the points of contact are more: in one criminalproceeding there was, for example, a woman with a South American passport who,apart from having become a madam, traded in large quantities of cocaine fromSouth America with her companion, who had already been condemned for crimesrelated to the drug trade.As we do not have at our disposal the criminal proceedings that have witnessedthe consolidated links between the two trades, the hypothesis of the existence of aconnection is supported by the points of contact found and by the analogiesbetween the organisations involved, which suggest as improbable the possibility ofbeing faced with two organisations dedicated to different trades without anyrelationship between them.In addition the experience in relation to the re-investment of the illegal 72earnings indicate that normally the criminal organisations seek to diversify the typeof illegal activities in which to re-employ the accumulated money. One part goes tofoment the same illegal activity, another part is used in other illegal activitieswhich may possibly provide an immediate economic return (as is the case of tradein drugs).To better summarise and visualise the different hypotheses for re-investmentand re-cycling the earnings of the exploitation of prostitution, the following designis very useful, obtained through the many times mentioned Operation Edo.Investment in Italy in legal activityBeside the trade in drugs, it is thought that part of the money is invested in legalactivities, such as commercial, phone centres, money transfer agencies.According to some privileged witnesses it is probable that the money earnedwith illegal trade (the trade in drugs, and the traffic in women for sexual71Referring mainly to criminal proceedings in Triveneto and the area around Milan.72Obviously this does not exclude the use in legal activities which was dealt with in the paragraph“Sending money to Nigeria and its legal use at home” and which will be dealt with in the successiveparagraph “Investment in Italy in legal activity”.
Page 1:
TRAFFICKINGOF NIGERIAN GIRLSTO ITAL
Page 5 and 6:
F O R E W O R D1. Objectives and st
Page 7 and 8:
and who have identified the most si
Page 9 and 10:
on the other hand, for those involv
Page 11:
Case files analysed: Preventive det
Page 15 and 16:
Table 2 - Socio-economic situation
Page 17 and 18:
Table 3 - Nigerian citizens regular
Page 19 and 20:
Table 5 - Social protection permiss
Page 21 and 22:
Table 7 - Number of persons charged
Page 23 and 24:
Table 8 - Detainee population sub-d
Page 25 and 26:
and the United States enables this
Page 27 and 28:
C H A P T E R IW a y s a n d p h a
Page 29 and 30:
Figure No.2 - Edo State.It is not c
Page 31 and 32:
Nigeria. From 1996 in Benin City an
Page 33 and 34:
In this variegated framework, the d
Page 36:
“Benin City is one of those State
Page 39 and 40:
Various privileged witnesses of the
Page 41 and 42:
In the first years of the traffic o
Page 43 and 44:
pay considerable sums for lodging,
Page 45 and 46:
The routesWe find at least three ty
Page 47 and 48:
Figure No.5 - Trafficking routes th
Page 49 and 50:
The journey overland through Africa
Page 51 and 52:
new dispositions and contacts to co
Page 53 and 54: Then he sends her in a taxi to the
Page 55 and 56: T. remains in this house for 21 day
Page 57 and 58: detainees go towards the refectory,
Page 59 and 60: At this point the organisation esco
Page 61 and 62: was accepted by the Ivory Coast pol
Page 63 and 64: B.E. «Yes, I was given a Ghanaian
Page 65 and 66: Now the documents are “hired”:
Page 67 and 68: It is understood however that the v
Page 69 and 70: “There is no Nigerian passport wh
Page 72 and 73: C H A P T E R I VL i v i n g a n d
Page 74 and 75: have no shop and then there is no p
Page 76 and 77: The cost to manage the house and th
Page 78 and 79: mine since a long time, he can’t
Page 80 and 81: A feminine managementIn analysing t
Page 82 and 83: “There are many pimps that when y
Page 84 and 85: The control of movementThe fact tha
Page 86 and 87: Physical punishments can be made by
Page 88 and 89: Control between psychological subje
Page 90 and 91: arms), tortured in many different f
Page 92 and 93: C H A P T E R VT h e o r g a n i s
Page 94 and 95: Each penal procedure on the subject
Page 96 and 97: Often it is the same madam who move
Page 98 and 99: Even in numerous recent criminal pr
Page 100 and 101: work arrangements (…) persons tha
Page 102 and 103: man all the money she had in the ho
Page 106 and 107: exploitation) has reached an amount
Page 108 and 109: C H A P T E R V IT h e e n d o f t
Page 110 and 111: A: «You have to bring me a present
Page 112 and 113: Often the family is however not abl
Page 114 and 115: the different evaluations of the as
Page 116 and 117: The discussions on the possibility
Page 118 and 119: eal results: to distance herself fr
Page 120 and 121: of a different culture is very impo
Page 122 and 123: C H A P T E R V I IC o n s i d e r
Page 124 and 125: In the case of the girls having mor
Page 126 and 127: As has been many times noted, the c
Page 128 and 129: under the profile of the “quality
Page 130 and 131: person to obtain either relevant re
Page 132 and 133: Numerous are the criminal juridical
Page 134 and 135: If the accused claims to not knowin
Page 136 and 137: sanctions, sometimes, also in prese
Page 138 and 139: d) Investigative and judiciary co-o
Page 140 and 141: The reform foresees, under Art. 1,
Page 142 and 143: which the woman can definitively tu
Page 144 and 145: witnesses, social operators - agree
Page 146: and necessary, therefore, to think
Page 149 and 150: in many cases they are driven to th
Page 151 and 152: Melossi, D., (2002), “Le teorie s
show all

here - Cooperazione Italiana allo Sviluppo

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?