in the plates and everything and the car, as a scrap metal, is loaded into acontainer” (Questura of Turin).Not be excluded are other uses linked to particular interests or needs, but this ismore opaque. In a penal case, which dates to the period when t<strong>here</strong> was still amilitary dictatorship in Nigeria, confidential information was gat<strong>here</strong>d 69 : part of themoney gained from the traffic was utilised for activities for the political fightagainst the military regime.The links to the drug tradeApart from the money reinvested in the traffic of women and buying of housesand cars, what remains to be explained is the final destination of other huge sumsof money accumulated thanks to the traffic of women. The money sent by moneytransfer or courier to Nigeria and other parts of the world, and at least a part of themoney which remains in Italy, how is this employed?T<strong>here</strong> are at least two hypotheses formulated, which do not exclude each other,but can also compete.In the last report of the Investigative Antimafia Directorate, in relation to theNigerian criminality, they write “The exploitation of prostitution, together withfalse documents, represents the principal instrument of self-financing to developmore important illegal traffic” 70 .According to many of the observers the main illegal investment is the traffic indrugs.Since at least a quarter of a century, the groups from Nigeria have been activein the drug trade, in particular cocaine and white heroin. Even if it is not aproducing country, in the ‘70s Nigeria became an important crossroad in the drugtrade so much as to cover about 50% of the North American market for cocaine. Itis thought that the saturation of the American market was the origin of the openingof the European market.The organisation dedicated to the drug trade is characterised by a strongorganisational capacity, high flexibility in the use of the routes to make the drugarrive in Europe, and the possibility of having many false documents which permitthe affiliates and the couriers to move practically undisturbed between differentcountries, using the nationality and identity most adapted to the moment.The system used for the drug trade is principally that of the so-called“ovulators”: persons who sw<strong>allo</strong>w ovules containing drugs and make the journeyhiding the substance. The system is notably parcelled so as to avoid, in the case ofan arrest of someone, the loss of a considerable quantity of the drug.Such parcelling is possible because the organisation has on hand a wide numberof individuals available as couriers, coming from different African countries, inparticular Ghana and Liberia. In different cases it has also been noticed the use of69This is Operazione Edo.70Ministero degli Interni, Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (2002).
couriers, even less open to suspicion, Italians or even Europeans, with no policerecords, provided with false documents and in some cases even NATO passports.Some of the characteristics of the drug trade, <strong>here</strong> rapidly described, remindone of the trades in women for sexual exploitation: flexibility of the routes and ofthe organisations, the use of labour coming from sub-Saharan Africa, the wideavailability of false documents.In different investigations 71 however t<strong>here</strong> have been found points of contactbetween the two trades: the madam had acquired a quantity, even modest, of drugswhich she then sold; her companion or husband at the time was dedicated to thedrug trade, or while undertaking some functions inside the traffic in women t<strong>here</strong>were subjects with criminal records for trade in drugs.T<strong>here</strong> are cases in which the points of contact are more: in one criminalproceeding t<strong>here</strong> was, for example, a woman with a South American passport who,apart from having become a madam, traded in large quantities of cocaine fromSouth America with her companion, who had already been condemned for crimesrelated to the drug trade.As we do not have at our disposal the criminal proceedings that have witnessedthe consolidated links between the two trades, the hypothesis of the existence of aconnection is supported by the points of contact found and by the analogiesbetween the organisations involved, which suggest as improbable the possibility ofbeing faced with two organisations dedicated to different trades without anyrelationship between them.In addition the experience in relation to the re-investment of the illegal 72earnings indicate that normally the criminal organisations seek to diversify the typeof illegal activities in which to re-employ the accumulated money. One part goes tofoment the same illegal activity, another part is used in other illegal activitieswhich may possibly provide an immediate economic return (as is the case of tradein drugs).To better summarise and visualise the different hypotheses for re-investmentand re-cycling the earnings of the exploitation of prostitution, the following designis very useful, obtained through the many times mentioned Operation Edo.Investment in Italy in legal activityBeside the trade in drugs, it is thought that part of the money is invested in legalactivities, such as commercial, phone centres, money transfer agencies.According to some privileged witnesses it is probable that the money earnedwith illegal trade (the trade in drugs, and the traffic in women for sexual71Referring mainly to criminal proceedings in Triveneto and the area around Milan.72Obviously this does not exclude the use in legal activities which was dealt with in the paragraph“Sending money to Nigeria and its legal use at home” and which will be dealt with in the successiveparagraph “Investment in Italy in legal activity”.
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TRAFFICKINGOF NIGERIAN GIRLSTO ITAL
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F O R E W O R D1. Objectives and st
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and who have identified the most si
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on the other hand, for those involv
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Case files analysed: Preventive det
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Table 2 - Socio-economic situation
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Table 3 - Nigerian citizens regular
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Table 5 - Social protection permiss
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Table 7 - Number of persons charged
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Table 8 - Detainee population sub-d
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and the United States enables this
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C H A P T E R IW a y s a n d p h a
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Figure No.2 - Edo State.It is not c
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Nigeria. From 1996 in Benin City an
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In this variegated framework, the d
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“Benin City is one of those State
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Various privileged witnesses of the
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In the first years of the traffic o
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pay considerable sums for lodging,
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The routesWe find at least three ty
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Figure No.5 - Trafficking routes th
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The journey overland through Africa
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new dispositions and contacts to co
- Page 53 and 54: Then he sends her in a taxi to the
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- Page 61 and 62: was accepted by the Ivory Coast pol
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- Page 74 and 75: have no shop and then there is no p
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- Page 88 and 89: Control between psychological subje
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- Page 94 and 95: Each penal procedure on the subject
- Page 96 and 97: Often it is the same madam who move
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- Page 124 and 125: In the case of the girls having mor
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- Page 130 and 131: person to obtain either relevant re
- Page 132 and 133: Numerous are the criminal juridical
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- Page 142 and 143: which the woman can definitively tu
- Page 144 and 145: witnesses, social operators - agree
- Page 146: and necessary, therefore, to think
- Page 149 and 150: in many cases they are driven to th
- Page 151 and 152: Melossi, D., (2002), “Le teorie s