man all the money she had in the house and now she has no money to make thecontribution” (Transcript of a telephone intercept, criminal proceeding - Turin,2001). To face the risk of a liquidity crisis they look for new contributors amongstthe women that have finished paying the debt, so as to involve them in the network:“A: «Do you want to take part in ‘osusu’ again?»B: «No Mummy, want to help my parents... I can’t participate in ‘osusu’ now!»A: «Look it will start on the 10 th »B: «O.k., Mummy, but I can’t…»A: «You can’t have a million?»B: «No Mummy, I have to pay for the ‘Joint’ and t<strong>here</strong> are other problems…»A: «O.k., you came to pay for the ‘Joint’ in Europe, when you paid madam youmanaged to earn money for her and now you must earn it for yourself youcan’t…»” (Preventive detention order, criminal proceeding - Naples, 1999).It is not clear who takes care of this amount of money and whether part of thesum is given to other people in the organisation who reside in Nigeria. In the samecriminal proceeding mentioned above, it is thought that “the sums of participationin osusu are given in trust, clearly to another member of the society who takes careof the collection and subsequent distribution and who, obviously, enjoys a certain‘respect’ ”.Sending money to Nigeria and its legal use at homeConsidering that part of the organisation resides in Nigeria and that, however,Nigeria is the start of the traffic of women for sexual exploitation it is obvious thatpart of the accumulated money is sent to Nigeria.The systems to send money to Nigeria are many. The first is surely thoseagencies of money transfer, the organisation that permits sending money to allcountries of the world 65 in a simple and rapid manner.The rapidity is because of the existence of a pyramid structure: the company ofmoney transfer has a limited number of accredited agents in each country whohowever, on their part, have a very wide network of non-professional sub-agentsand sub-senders (one only has to think of the number of money transfer points thatare to be found in commercial places of another type, such as food shops, phonecentres, hairdressers, etc...).The simplicity is, on the other hand, given by operating procedures: the clientgoes to the sales point with a sum of money in cash 66 (for a maximum amountwhich until 2001 was 20 million lira) and fills in a form w<strong>here</strong> personal details ofthe sender and the beneficiary are requested, the amount of the transfer and the65It is sufficient to note that Western Union is present in more than 186 countries and in 2001 had about90,000 sales points.66The principal circuits (Western Union and Money Gram) accept only cash because the transfer is sorapid they could not assume the risk of accepting cheques.
eceiving country. The operator transmits the data to the operating centre of theagent who on-line checks and authorises the operation. Once the authorisation hasbeen received the operators takes the money and gives the client a receipt with theidentification number of the operation. It is the responsibility of the client tocommunicate that number, which is indispensable for collecting the money, to thebeneficiary.It is evident that this rapid and light system is very useful to send money tocountries w<strong>here</strong> the banking system is lacking and is undoubtedly an indispensableresource for many immigrants who work far from their home country.Together with this use, which does not conceal anything illegal, by its side isanother which however conceals an illegal activity. From controls made 67 it seemsthat such a system is frequently used for light or medium transfers and, as far as thetraffic of women for sexual exploitation is concerned, it is thought that sendingmoney through the money transfer is used for payments to the passeurs (whocollaborate in the journeys) and to compensate for various “favours” renderedNigerian citizens resident in different parts of Italy or Europe.Undoubtedly, an accurate investigation on this type of transfers of money, evenif it would not <strong>allo</strong>w to intercept large sums of money, would say a lot about theorganisation network and its territorial dislocation.Equally it should be observed that the different points that receive money to betransferred are managed by citizens from outside the European Union some evenwith specific criminal records (for example Nigerian citizens with criminal recordsfor exploitation or abetting prostitution or for the illicit drug trade). One cannotexclude that they are tied to the organisation that manages illicit trafficking.Considering the limits of the money transfer system, it is thought 68 that forsending conspicuous sums of money the method used is that of couriers: personsoriginating from central Africa, frequently not Nigerians, who transport overvarious tracts, by air and in part over land, the money to the home country.In the country the money is certainly utilised for investments of a real estatetype: while in Italy the madams normally live in modest housing, often rented, inNigeria they build houses which, at least according to local standards, are verycostly and luxurious.“Surely the house discussion is true, the exploiters apparently build stupendousvillas t<strong>here</strong>” (Questura of Turin).Frequently, as an alternative to sending money, is the sending of large carspurchased in Italy or Europe: it does not involve, for the most part of the cases,new cars, but used cars that sometimes cannot circulate any longer on Italianterritory: “It would appear that they send a lot of cars to Nigeria, but often it iscars that cease to circulate <strong>here</strong>, for example a car that is over 10 years old butstill functions; they are cancelled from the car registration <strong>here</strong> because they hand67In the so-called Operazione Edo, as in other criminal proceedings, checks have been made on sendingmoney undertaken with money transfer.68The opinion is practically common with all the Law Enforcement operators interviewed.
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TRAFFICKINGOF NIGERIAN GIRLSTO ITAL
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F O R E W O R D1. Objectives and st
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and who have identified the most si
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on the other hand, for those involv
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Case files analysed: Preventive det
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Table 2 - Socio-economic situation
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Table 3 - Nigerian citizens regular
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Table 5 - Social protection permiss
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Table 7 - Number of persons charged
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Table 8 - Detainee population sub-d
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and the United States enables this
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C H A P T E R IW a y s a n d p h a
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Figure No.2 - Edo State.It is not c
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Nigeria. From 1996 in Benin City an
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In this variegated framework, the d
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“Benin City is one of those State
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Various privileged witnesses of the
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In the first years of the traffic o
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pay considerable sums for lodging,
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The routesWe find at least three ty
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Figure No.5 - Trafficking routes th
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The journey overland through Africa
- Page 51 and 52: new dispositions and contacts to co
- Page 53 and 54: Then he sends her in a taxi to the
- Page 55 and 56: T. remains in this house for 21 day
- Page 57 and 58: detainees go towards the refectory,
- Page 59 and 60: At this point the organisation esco
- Page 61 and 62: was accepted by the Ivory Coast pol
- Page 63 and 64: B.E. «Yes, I was given a Ghanaian
- Page 65 and 66: Now the documents are “hired”:
- Page 67 and 68: It is understood however that the v
- Page 69 and 70: “There is no Nigerian passport wh
- Page 72 and 73: C H A P T E R I VL i v i n g a n d
- Page 74 and 75: have no shop and then there is no p
- Page 76 and 77: The cost to manage the house and th
- Page 78 and 79: mine since a long time, he can’t
- Page 80 and 81: A feminine managementIn analysing t
- Page 82 and 83: “There are many pimps that when y
- Page 84 and 85: The control of movementThe fact tha
- Page 86 and 87: Physical punishments can be made by
- Page 88 and 89: Control between psychological subje
- Page 90 and 91: arms), tortured in many different f
- Page 92 and 93: C H A P T E R VT h e o r g a n i s
- Page 94 and 95: Each penal procedure on the subject
- Page 96 and 97: Often it is the same madam who move
- Page 98 and 99: Even in numerous recent criminal pr
- Page 100 and 101: work arrangements (…) persons tha
- Page 104 and 105: in the plates and everything and th
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- Page 108 and 109: C H A P T E R V IT h e e n d o f t
- Page 110 and 111: A: «You have to bring me a present
- Page 112 and 113: Often the family is however not abl
- Page 114 and 115: the different evaluations of the as
- Page 116 and 117: The discussions on the possibility
- Page 118 and 119: eal results: to distance herself fr
- Page 120 and 121: of a different culture is very impo
- Page 122 and 123: C H A P T E R V I IC o n s i d e r
- Page 124 and 125: In the case of the girls having mor
- Page 126 and 127: As has been many times noted, the c
- Page 128 and 129: under the profile of the “quality
- Page 130 and 131: person to obtain either relevant re
- Page 132 and 133: Numerous are the criminal juridical
- Page 134 and 135: If the accused claims to not knowin
- Page 136 and 137: sanctions, sometimes, also in prese
- Page 138 and 139: d) Investigative and judiciary co-o
- Page 140 and 141: The reform foresees, under Art. 1,
- Page 142 and 143: which the woman can definitively tu
- Page 144 and 145: witnesses, social operators - agree
- Page 146: and necessary, therefore, to think
- Page 149 and 150: in many cases they are driven to th
- Page 151 and 152: Melossi, D., (2002), “Le teorie s