Gotovina et al Judgement Volume I - ICTY

38719while the probable error of a 155-millimetre projectile at long range was also 50metres. 4196 In general, the rocket systems used in 1995 were less accurate than theartillery systems, such as Howitzers or mortar systems. 4197 The accuracy ofconventional fire support systems with unguided ammunitions, such as Howitzers andmortars, is affected by internal characteristics, such as the differences betweenindividual guns, known as gun-to-gun variations, which lead to probable errors in rangeand deflection. 4198 For example, Konings testified that these internal characteristics canlead to differences in the location of impact of an unguided 155-millimetre shell fired at14,5 kilometres with a certain charge of up to 55 metres in range and five metres indeflection. 4199 Their accuracy is further affected by external factors, such as airtemperature and density, wind speed and direction, flight time, muzzle velocity,propelling charges temperature, and the weight and height of the projectile. 4200 Bymeasuring the applicable data on external factors, the variations can be corrected. 4201The probable errors increase the further the target is from the fire unit. 4202 For example,Konings testified with regard to the location of impact of an unguided 155-millimetreshell fired at 14,5 kilometres with a certain charge, that an increase of muzzle velocityby one metre per second would cause the shell to impact 26 metres further; a tail windof one knot would cause the shell to impact 18 metres further; a lower or higher airtemperature causes changes of 20 metres per degree; air density can lead to a differenceof 60 metres and the spinning movement of the shell can cause a difference of 20metres, if not corrected. 4203 Accuracy is also affected by the precise locations of fire unitand target coordinates. 4204 Depending on whether it uses ten, eight or six digits, a gridsystem of coordinates gives an accuracy of up to one, ten or 100 metres. 4205 In case oneof the coordinates is inaccurate, the commander of an artillery unit can adjust the fire,4196 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), p. 13.4197 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), p. 11;Harry Konings, T. 14464-14465, 14469-14470.4198 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), p. 11;P1260 (Harry Konings, Addendum to expert report), pp. 3-4.4199 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), p. 11.4200 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), pp. 11-12; P1260 (Harry Konings, Addendum to expert report), pp. 3-4; Harry Konings, T. 14313, 14343.4201 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), p. 11.4202 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), p. 11;P1260 (Harry Konings, Addendum to expert report), p. 4.4203 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), pp. 11-12.4204 P1259 (Harry Konings, expert report, “Fire support during Operation Storm, August 1995”), p. 12.4205 Harry Konings, T. 14435.596Case No.: IT-06-90-T 15 April 2011 `