Gotovina et al Judgement Volume I - ICTY

Gotovina et al Judgement Volume I - ICTY Gotovina et al Judgement Volume I - ICTY

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39295events and fear of self-incrimination, the witness’s relationship with any of the Accused,and whether the witness would have an underlying motive which could affect thewitness’s credibility and reliability. The Trial Chamber also assessed the internalconsistency of each witness’s testimony and other features of his or her evidence, aswell as whether there was corroborating or contradicting evidence. The evidencepresented in this case relates to events which occurred in 1995. The Trial Chamber hastherefore not put a lot of weight on minor discrepancies in the evidence. 49 Some of thewitnesses that were former members of the warring factions were evasive or not entirelytruthful regarding the roles they played in the events in 1995. Although aware of this,the Trial Chamber nevertheless sometimes relied on other aspects of these witnesses’testimonies. This is consistent with the jurisprudence of the Tribunal according to whichit is not unreasonable for a Trial Chamber to accept certain parts of witness’s testimonywhile rejecting others. 50 While the Trial Chamber may not always have explicitly statedwhether it found a witness’s testimony or portions of his or her testimony credible, itconsistently took the aforementioned factors into account in making findings on theevidence. The Trial Chamber explicitly dealt with inconsistencies and other credibilityand reliability issues where these touched upon significant aspects of the testimony andwhere the parties raised these issues.32. In relation to the testimony of Witness Gojanović, a former HV soldier, the TrialChamber noted that other evidence was inconsistent with parts of the witness’stestimony, which led the Trial Chamber to treat Gojanović’s evidence with caution.However, these inconsistencies did not lead the Trial Chamber to believe that his entiretestimony was unreliable. In this context, the Trial Chamber considered that at leastparts of the witness’s testimony were corroborated by other evidence. 5133. On some occasions, the Trial Chamber noted that witnesses may have talkedwith and possibly influenced each other before giving testimony. 52 The Trial Chamberassessed the likelihood of any influence on a case-by-case basis and paid particularattention to the witnesses’ demeanour in court and to any indications that the testimonymay have been influenced. 53 On 2 and 3 June 2010, the Chamber heard the testimony of49 See Čelebići Appeal Judgement, paras 484-485, 496-498; Kupreškić et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 31.50 Kupreškić et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 333; Blagojević and Jokić Appeal Judgement, para. 82.51 See e.g. Dawes’s testimony in relation to destruction and plunder in Kistanje on 6 August 1995 inChapter 4.2.8, and exhibit P2349 in relation to plunder in Srb on 8 August 1995 in Chapter 4.2.4.52 See e.g. T. 7428-7431.53 See e.g. finding on murder of Sava ðurić in Chapter 4.1.9.20Case No.: IT-06-90-T 15 April 2011 `

39294Jozo Bilobrk, Antonio Gerovac, and Željko Mikulić provisionally in private session. 54In light of potentially contradictory testimony, and in order to protect the integrity of theproceedings by preventing the witnesses from following and thereby being possiblyinfluenced by each other’s testimony, the Chamber found that it was in the interests ofjustice to hear their testimony provisionally in private session, thereby only minimallyinfringing upon the public character of the proceedings. 5534. On some occasions, only one witness gave evidence of an incident covered bythe Indictment. The Appeals Chamber has held that the testimony of a single witness ona material fact does not, as a matter of law, require corroboration. 56 On these occasions,the Trial Chamber exercised particular caution, considering all circumstances relevantto the testimony of the witness, including whether the witness may have had a motive togive inaccurate evidence.35. In assessing and weighing the testimony of expert witnesses, the Trial Chamberconsidered factors such as the professional competence of the expert, the material at hisdisposal, the methodologies used, the credibility of the findings made in light of thesefactors and other evidence, the position or positions held by the expert, and the limits ofthe expertise of each witness.36. On one occasion, the Trial Chamber was seised of a Gotovina Defence motionrequesting it to issue an order precluding the Prosecution from introducing testimonythrough proposed Prosecution expert witness Konings on whether targets selected andhit during Operation Storm were legitimate military targets. 57 The Trial Chamber heldthat it is not bound by the conclusions of the expert. However, the opinion of the expertas to whether, and why, he considers a target to be a legitimate military objective,although ultimately to be determined by the Trial Chamber, may assist it in makingdecisions in relation to the criminal liability of the accused. 58 In a decision regarding aDefence expert witness, the Trial Chamber held that parts of an expert report that dealtwith purely legal matters are of no assistance to the Trial Chamber. 59 However, the Trial54 T. 28650-28651; Order Lifting Confidentiality of Testimony of Witnesses 176, 177 & 178, 7 June2010.55 Reasons for Decision of 2 June 2010 to Hear Testimony of Witnesses Bilobrk, Gerovac and Mikulić inPrivate Session, 29 June 2010, para. 3.56 Tadić Appeal Judgement, para. 65; Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 62; Čelebići AppealJudgement, para. 492; Kupreškić et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 33.57 Defendant Ante Gotovina’s Rule 73 Motion In Limine, 6 March 2008.58 See Decision on Part of the Gotovina Defence’s Rule 73 Motion In Limine, 21 May 2008, para. 6.59 Decision on Admission of Expert Report of Geoffrey Corn, 22 September 2009, para. 6.21Case No.: IT-06-90-T 15 April 2011 `

39295events and fear of self-incrimination, the witness’s relationship with any of the Accused,and wh<strong>et</strong>her the witness would have an underlying motive which could affect thewitness’s credibility and reliability. The Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber <strong>al</strong>so assessed the intern<strong>al</strong>consistency of each witness’s testimony and other features of his or her evidence, aswell as wh<strong>et</strong>her there was corroborating or contradicting evidence. The evidencepresented in this case relates to events which occurred in 1995. The Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber hastherefore not put a lot of weight on minor discrepancies in the evidence. 49 Some of thewitnesses that were former members of the warring factions were evasive or not entirelytruthful regarding the roles they played in the events in 1995. Although aware of this,the Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber nevertheless som<strong>et</strong>imes relied on other aspects of these witnesses’testimonies. This is consistent with the jurisprudence of the Tribun<strong>al</strong> according to whichit is not unreasonable for a Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber to accept certain parts of witness’s testimonywhile rejecting others. 50 While the Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber may not <strong>al</strong>ways have explicitly statedwh<strong>et</strong>her it found a witness’s testimony or portions of his or her testimony credible, itconsistently took the aforementioned factors into account in making findings on theevidence. The Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber explicitly de<strong>al</strong>t with inconsistencies and other credibilityand reliability issues where these touched upon significant aspects of the testimony andwhere the parties raised these issues.32. In relation to the testimony of Witness Gojanović, a former HV soldier, the Tri<strong>al</strong>Chamber noted that other evidence was inconsistent with parts of the witness’stestimony, which led the Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber to treat Gojanović’s evidence with caution.However, these inconsistencies did not lead the Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber to believe that his entir<strong>et</strong>estimony was unreliable. In this context, the Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber considered that at leastparts of the witness’s testimony were corroborated by other evidence. 5133. On some occasions, the Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamber noted that witnesses may have t<strong>al</strong>kedwith and possibly influenced each other before giving testimony. 52 The Tri<strong>al</strong> Chamberassessed the likelihood of any influence on a case-by-case basis and paid particularattention to the witnesses’ demeanour in court and to any indications that the testimonymay have been influenced. 53 On 2 and 3 June 2010, the Chamber heard the testimony of49 See Čelebići Appe<strong>al</strong> <strong>Judgement</strong>, paras 484-485, 496-498; Kupreškić <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>. Appe<strong>al</strong> <strong>Judgement</strong>, para. 31.50 Kupreškić <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>. Appe<strong>al</strong> <strong>Judgement</strong>, para. 333; Blagojević and Jokić Appe<strong>al</strong> <strong>Judgement</strong>, para. 82.51 See e.g. Dawes’s testimony in relation to destruction and plunder in Kistanje on 6 August 1995 inChapter 4.2.8, and exhibit P2349 in relation to plunder in Srb on 8 August 1995 in Chapter 4.2.4.52 See e.g. T. 7428-7431.53 See e.g. finding on murder of Sava ðurić in Chapter 4.1.9.20Case No.: IT-06-90-T 15 April 2011 `

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