Tracking metropolitan America into the 21st century - Population ...
Tracking metropolitan America into the 21st century - Population ... Tracking metropolitan America into the 21st century - Population ...
Appendix A. Definitions of Metropolitan ConceptsOld StandardsMetropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) contained cities or urbanized areas with at least 50,000 people. Counties wereincluded or excluded in the MSA based on employment, commuting, and population density criteria. There were 258MSAs in effect for Census 2000.Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs) consisted of those counties or groups of counties within a largemetropolitan area (at least one million people) that contained at least 100,000 people and met criteria for separate designations.There were 73 PMSAs in effect for Census 2000.Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs) consisted of a metropolitan area with at least 1 million peoplein which two or more primary metropolitan areas (PMSAs) had been identified. There were 18 CMSAs in effect forCensus 2000.New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs) were defined as county-based alternatives to the standard cityandtown-based metropolitan areas in the six New England states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,Rhode Island, and Vermont). There were 12 NECMAs in effect for Census 2000.Central cities were defined for each MSA and CMSA. The largest incorporated place (or, in a few cases, Census designatedplace) in a metropolitan area was automatically designated a central city. Additional cities were included if theymet population and employment criteria. There were 554 central cities in effect for Census 2000.New StandardsCore-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) contain a substantial population nucleus (the “core”) together with adjacentcommunities having a high degree of social and economic integration with that core. CBSAs are defined as metropolitanor micropolitan depending on the size of their core.Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MetroSAs) contain at least one urbanized area with at least 50,000 people (the“core”). Counties are included or excluded in the metro based on commuting criteria. There are 361 MetroSAs.Metropolitan statistical areas of 2.5 million or more may be divided into metropolitan divisions. Metropolitan divisionsconsist of one or more counties that represent an employment center plus adjacent counties with strong commutingties to the core. There are eleven MetroSAs with divisions, for a total of twenty-nine divisions.Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MicroSAs) contain at least one urban cluster with between 10,000 and 50,000 people(the “core”). Counties are included or excluded in the micropolitan area based on commuting criteria. There are 573micros.New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs) are defined as conceptually similar to the county-based metropolitanand micropolitan areas, but with cities and towns as the building blocks rather than counties. There are 21 metropolitanNECTAs and 22 micropolitan NECTAs.Metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas may be joined to form combined statistical areas(CSAs). CSAs consist of two or more adjacent CBSAs (metropolitan or micropolitan or a combination of both) thatmeet employment interchange criteria. There are 120 CSAs.Principal cities are defined for each CBSA. The largest city in a CBSA is automatically designated a principal city.Other cities may be designated if they meet certain criteria for population and employment. There are 1255 principalcities.22November 2004 • The Brookings InstitutionThe Living Cities Census Series
Appendix B. Comparing Old and New Standards*Old StandardsNew StandardsLevels/Categories and Metropolitan statistical areas based on total populations of at leastTerminology1,000,000 (level A), 250,000 to 999,999 (level B), 100,000 to 249,999(level C), and less than 100,000 (level D), respectively. Metropolitanstatistical areas of 1,000,000 or more population can be designated asconsolidated metropolitan statistical areas if local opinion is in favorand component primary metropolitan statistical areas can be identified.Building BlocksCounties and equivalent entities throughout the U.S. and Puerto Rico,except in New England, where cities and towns are used to define metropolitanareas. County based alternative provided for the New Englandstates.Qualification of Areas City of at least 50,000 population, or Census Bureau defined urbanizedarea of at least 50,000 population in a metropolitan area of at least100,000 population.Qualification of Central Any county that includes a central city or at least 50% of the populationof a central city that is located in a qualifier urbanized area. AlsoCountiesany county in which at least 50% of the population is located in a qualifierurbanized area.Qualification of Outlying Combination of commuting and measures of settlement structure:Counties50% or more of employed workers commute to the centralcounty/counties of a metropolitan statistical area and: 25 or more personsper square mile (ppsm), or at least 10% or 5,000 of the populationlives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR40% to 50% of employed workers commute to the central county/countiesof a metropolitan statistical area and: 35 or more ppsm, or at least10% or 5,000 of the population lives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR25% to 40% of employed workers commute to the central county/countiesof a metropolitan statistical area and: 35 ppsm and one of the following:(1) 50 or more ppsm, (2) at least 35% urban population, (3) atleast 10% or 5,000 of population lives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR15% to 25% of employed workers commute to the central county/countiesof a metropolitan statistical area and: 50 or more ppsm and two ofthe following: (1) 60 or more ppsm, (2) at least 35% urban population,(3) population growth rate of at least 20%, (4) at least 10% or 5,000 ofpopulation lives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR15% to 25% of employed workers commute to the central county/countiesof a metropolitan statistical area and less than 50 ppsm and two ofthe following: (1) at least 35% urban population, (2) population growthrate of at least 20%, (3) at least 10% or 5,000 of population lives in aqualifier urbanized area; ORat least 2,500 of the population lives in a central city located in a qualifierurbanized area of a metropolitan statistical area.If a county qualifies as outlying to two or more metropolitan areas, it isassigned to the area to which commuting is greatest; if the relevant commutingpercentages are within 5 points of each other, local opinion is considered.*Source: Michael R. Ratcliffe, U.S. Census BureauMetropolitan statistical areas based around at least one Census Bureaudefined urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, and micropolitanstatistical areas, based around at least one urban cluster of 10,000 to49,999 population. A metropolitan statistical area with a single core ofat least 2,500,000 population can be subdivided into component metropolitandivisions. Collectively, the metropolitan and micropolitan statisticalareas are termed Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs).Counties and equivalent entities throughout the U.S. and Puerto Rico.City and town based areas, conceptually similar to the county basedareas, provided for the New England states.Census Bureau defined urban area of at least 10,000 population andless than 50,000 population for micropolitan statistical area designation.Census Bureau defined urbanized area of at least 50,000 for metropolitanstatistical area designation.Any county in which at least 50% of the population is located in urbanareas of at least 10,000 population, or that has within its boundaries apopulation of at least 5,000 located in a single urban area of at least10,000 population.Commuting ties:At least 25% of the employed residents of the county work in the centralcounty/counties of a CBSA; or at least 25% of the employment inthe county is accounted for by workers residing in the centralcounty/counties of the CBSA.A county that qualifies as outlying to two or more CBSAs is included inthe area with which it has the strongest commuting tie.November 2004 • The Brookings Institution The Living Cities Census Series 23
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Appendix B. Comparing Old and New Standards*Old StandardsNew StandardsLevels/Categories and Metropolitan statistical areas based on total populations of at leastTerminology1,000,000 (level A), 250,000 to 999,999 (level B), 100,000 to 249,999(level C), and less than 100,000 (level D), respectively. Metropolitanstatistical areas of 1,000,000 or more population can be designated asconsolidated <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical areas if local opinion is in favorand component primary <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical areas can be identified.Building BlocksCounties and equivalent entities throughout <strong>the</strong> U.S. and Puerto Rico,except in New England, where cities and towns are used to define <strong>metropolitan</strong>areas. County based alternative provided for <strong>the</strong> New Englandstates.Qualification of Areas City of at least 50,000 population, or Census Bureau defined urbanizedarea of at least 50,000 population in a <strong>metropolitan</strong> area of at least100,000 population.Qualification of Central Any county that includes a central city or at least 50% of <strong>the</strong> populationof a central city that is located in a qualifier urbanized area. AlsoCountiesany county in which at least 50% of <strong>the</strong> population is located in a qualifierurbanized area.Qualification of Outlying Combination of commuting and measures of settlement structure:Counties50% or more of employed workers commute to <strong>the</strong> centralcounty/counties of a <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical area and: 25 or more personsper square mile (ppsm), or at least 10% or 5,000 of <strong>the</strong> populationlives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR40% to 50% of employed workers commute to <strong>the</strong> central county/countiesof a <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical area and: 35 or more ppsm, or at least10% or 5,000 of <strong>the</strong> population lives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR25% to 40% of employed workers commute to <strong>the</strong> central county/countiesof a <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical area and: 35 ppsm and one of <strong>the</strong> following:(1) 50 or more ppsm, (2) at least 35% urban population, (3) atleast 10% or 5,000 of population lives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR15% to 25% of employed workers commute to <strong>the</strong> central county/countiesof a <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical area and: 50 or more ppsm and two of<strong>the</strong> following: (1) 60 or more ppsm, (2) at least 35% urban population,(3) population growth rate of at least 20%, (4) at least 10% or 5,000 ofpopulation lives in a qualifier urbanized area; OR15% to 25% of employed workers commute to <strong>the</strong> central county/countiesof a <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical area and less than 50 ppsm and two of<strong>the</strong> following: (1) at least 35% urban population, (2) population growthrate of at least 20%, (3) at least 10% or 5,000 of population lives in aqualifier urbanized area; ORat least 2,500 of <strong>the</strong> population lives in a central city located in a qualifierurbanized area of a <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical area.If a county qualifies as outlying to two or more <strong>metropolitan</strong> areas, it isassigned to <strong>the</strong> area to which commuting is greatest; if <strong>the</strong> relevant commutingpercentages are within 5 points of each o<strong>the</strong>r, local opinion is considered.*Source: Michael R. Ratcliffe, U.S. Census BureauMetropolitan statistical areas based around at least one Census Bureaudefined urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, and micropolitanstatistical areas, based around at least one urban cluster of 10,000 to49,999 population. A <strong>metropolitan</strong> statistical area with a single core ofat least 2,500,000 population can be subdivided <strong>into</strong> component <strong>metropolitan</strong>divisions. Collectively, <strong>the</strong> <strong>metropolitan</strong> and micropolitan statisticalareas are termed Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs).Counties and equivalent entities throughout <strong>the</strong> U.S. and Puerto Rico.City and town based areas, conceptually similar to <strong>the</strong> county basedareas, provided for <strong>the</strong> New England states.Census Bureau defined urban area of at least 10,000 population andless than 50,000 population for micropolitan statistical area designation.Census Bureau defined urbanized area of at least 50,000 for <strong>metropolitan</strong>statistical area designation.Any county in which at least 50% of <strong>the</strong> population is located in urbanareas of at least 10,000 population, or that has within its boundaries apopulation of at least 5,000 located in a single urban area of at least10,000 population.Commuting ties:At least 25% of <strong>the</strong> employed residents of <strong>the</strong> county work in <strong>the</strong> centralcounty/counties of a CBSA; or at least 25% of <strong>the</strong> employment in<strong>the</strong> county is accounted for by workers residing in <strong>the</strong> centralcounty/counties of <strong>the</strong> CBSA.A county that qualifies as outlying to two or more CBSAs is included in<strong>the</strong> area with which it has <strong>the</strong> strongest commuting tie.November 2004 • The Brookings Institution The Living Cities Census Series 23
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