Stabilised Monohulls - Trimarans & Pentamarans

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsStabilised Monohulls – Trimarans and PentamaransHistory – Evolution and the FuturebyNigel Gee, Managing DirectorBMT Nigel Gee and Associates LtdBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd1

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsHistory• Archaeological discoveries have demonstrated that Polynesians werevoyaging the oceans between 2500 BC and 3000 BC.• They knew something that we still argue aboutLong / thin is better than short / fat• Mono-canoes evolved first into catamarans and later to outrigger orPROA vessels.BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd2

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsHistory• For long ocean voyages the PROA evolved into the double outriggercanoe – the first full stabilised monohull.Aloha!BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd3

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsTrimaran Rapidly Becoming a Mature TechnologySlender Stabilised MonohullTrimaran2AMAS4SponsonsPentamaranRecreation Cars & Naval CommercialPassengersNavalPassengerRoPaxRoRoCruiseFerryContainersFastCombatantFastSealiftBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd5

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsSlender Stabilised Monohulls - The Challenges• Hydrodynamics - largely solved through models & full scale demonstrators• Powering - machinery space restricted beam and volume• Propulsion - limited stern and/or transom space• Structure - long slender hulls - global loads- whipping- springing• Control - stern quartering seas- steering- manoeuvring• Size Issues - higher length- higher beamBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd6

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsPentamarans - Present and Future DevelopmentsCommercial PlatformsBMT / IZAR Ro-Pax / Fast FerryBMT / IZAR Ro-RoBMT / ADX Lo-LoBMT / Seabridge Cruise FerryBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd7

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsPentamaran Ro-PaxBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd8

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsGeneral ArrangementBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd9

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsPrincipal Particulars••Length OverallLength Waterline175m165m••Beam Overall 31.3mDesign Draught 5.0m•••Maximum DeadweightMaximum SpeedSpeed 90% MCR; 900T DWT1000 tonne40 knots38 Knots••MCR4 x 13.05MWFuel IFO 380• Cars 280••Trucks 28Passengers 1000BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd10

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsIZAR Ro-Pax AnimationBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd11

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsDeadweight Transport Efficiency2.001.801.60Existing Fast Car-Pax FerriesIZAR NGA Ro-Pax (Steel/MS Diesels/HFO)IZAR NGA Ro-Pax (Aluminium/HD Diesels/MDO)Deadweight * Speed / Power (t.knots/kW)1.401.201.000.800.600.40Fast Car-Pax Ferry Limit0.200.0025 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59Ship Speed (knots)BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd12

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsFuel Cost Efficiency24.022.0Fuel Cost per Tonne of Cargo per 100 n.m (US$/t/100n.m)20.018.016.014.012.010.08.06.04.02.0Fast Car-Pax Ferry LimitExisting Fast Car-Pax FerriesIZAR NGA Ro-Pax (Steel/MS Dieslels/HFO)IZAR NGA Ro-Pax (Aluminium/HS Diesels/MDO)0.025 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59Ship Speed (knots)BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd13

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsModal Shift Pentamaran Ro-RoBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd14

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsIZAR 100 Truck Ro-RoBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd15

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsIZAR Ro-Ro AnimationBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd16

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsTransport Efficiency5.00Existing Fast Car-Pax Ferries4.50FAST RO-RODeadweight * Speed / Power (t.knots/kW)4.003.503.002.502.001.50Fast Car-Pax Ferry LimitFast RORO LimitIZAR NGA 250m Ro-Ro1.000.500.0025 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59Ship Speed (knots)BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd17

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsFuel Cost Per Tonne of Deadweight24.022.0Fuel Cost per Tonne of Cargo per 100 n.m (US$/t/100n.m)20.018.016.014.012.010.0Fast Car-Pax Ferry Limit8.06.04.0Existing Fast Car-Pax FerriesFAST RO-RO2.0IZAR NGA Ro-Ro0.025 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59Ship Speed (knots)BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd18

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsExpressULTRA-FAST FREIGHTERBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd19

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsThe Concept• From USA sender to Europe receiverin seven days, and vice versa.Ship Port-To-Port4 Days• From Port-To-Port in four days allyear round.COMPARISON WITH EXISTING CARRIERSCARRIERDOOR TO DOOR DELIVERYUSA - EuropeDoor to Door 7 DaysAir Integrator (e.g.FEDEX, DHL)Air FreightEXPRESSOcean FreightNext Day5 to 6 Days7 Days17 to 25 DaysUSA TO EUROPE1 DAY 1/2 DAY 4 DAYS1/2 DAY 1 DAY1 DAY 1/2 DAY 4 DAYS 1/2 DAY 1 DAYCARRIERAir IntegratorTHE COMPETITIONDOOR TO DOOR DELIVERYTRANSATLANTIC(Cost US$ / kg)$ 20.0 Next DayEUROPE TO TO USAAir Freight $ 2.0 5 to 6 DaysEXPRESS$ 0.5 7 DaysOcean Freight $ 0.2 17 to 25 DaysBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd20

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsComparison with other Fast Freight ConceptsEXPRESSCost Efficiency vs SpeedCost Efficiency =V S . DW TFuel Cost for 100nm250.00200.00Cost Efficiency150.00100.00Current Limit ofAttainment50.000.0020.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0Vessel Speed (knots)BMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd21

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsBMT / SeabridgeBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd22

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsSeabridge GABMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd23

Design and Operation of Trimaran ShipsSummary• Stabilised monohulls – long history – established principles• Many recreational examples – sail and power• Recently evolved into commercial and naval applications• Naval and commercial vessels operated• Synergy between naval and commercial applications• Next decade likely to see large numbers of trimarans and Pentamaransin serviceBMT Nigel Gee and Associates Ltd24