Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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Table 3.15.2 Men’s attitudes toward wife beatingPercentage of men who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, by backgroundcharacteristics, Zambia 2001-2002–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she: Percentage–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– who agreeCooks Goes out Refuses with atbad/ Argues with Neglects to have least one NumberBackground late with another the sex specified ofcharacteristic food him man children with him reason men–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Age15-19 33.7 48.7 67.8 54.4 27.9 80.0 45920-24 22.5 44.2 57.8 49.0 23.2 71.5 34625-29 24.2 40.5 53.5 49.2 24.0 68.4 36130-34 20.2 35.4 52.1 39.6 17.9 62.8 28135-39 20.3 35.2 53.0 43.6 22.2 63.9 24140-44 19.2 29.5 57.5 44.1 23.0 66.9 17445-49 21.6 30.6 53.9 42.1 26.2 64.6 11350-54 12.9 30.4 52.4 36.9 23.8 56.9 10055-59 15.9 35.3 60.7 48.5 32.5 68.7 71Marital statusNever married 28.5 44.8 63.9 51.8 25.2 76.0 782Married or living together 20.7 35.9 53.0 43.2 22.7 64.1 1,248Divorced/separated/widowed 22.8 43.6 63.0 55.9 30.0 80.3 116Number of living children0 27.8 44.0 62.7 51.9 24.4 75.3 8611-2 23.9 36.7 53.1 42.2 24.2 65.8 4473-4 20.1 39.3 54.2 45.0 21.6 67.4 3365+ 18.6 34.6 54.8 44.1 24.7 63.3 501ResidenceUrbanRural15.229.233.643.450.662.142.450.016.029.265.072.18511,294ProvinceCentral 19.9 37.7 54.7 42.8 16.3 66.7 165Copperbelt 16.2 35.0 56.8 53.4 16.2 71.8 447Eastern 15.6 20.3 29.7 21.5 14.8 34.8 268Luapula 26.0 40.3 68.0 60.2 33.1 81.2 166Lusaka 15.5 33.9 45.2 34.3 18.0 59.8 314Northern 39.4 57.2 69.4 68.2 37.9 84.7 292North-Western 39.1 54.2 76.5 58.4 42.4 81.9 93Southern 35.6 61.0 77.1 56.6 30.7 85.9 232Western 20.4 25.5 61.1 29.3 25.5 69.4 169EducationNo education 20.4 26.1 46.3 38.5 19.4 57.1 108Primary 30.5 47.4 64.7 52.9 31.6 76.1 1,100Secondary 17.9 35.0 53.6 44.0 17.8 66.6 808Higher 4.1 12.0 29.7 22.8 2.4 38.1 129EmploymentNot employed 29.0 44.9 64.7 51.3 24.6 77.2 688Employed for cash 15.0 30.0 45.6 38.0 19.1 57.5 913Employed not for cash 31.5 49.0 68.7 56.7 31.6 79.2 542Number of decisions in whichwife should have greater say 10 31.0 48.7 62.0 51.5 31.9 71.8 5441-2 28.2 45.6 66.9 53.6 30.2 79.2 7893-4 14.3 27.6 45.4 37.6 12.7 58.0 813Total 23.6 39.5 57.5 47.0 24.0 69.3 2,145–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––1Either by herself or jointly with others48 │ Characteristics of Respondents
3.7.3 Attitudes toward Refusing SexThe extent of control women have over when and with whom they have sex has important implicationsfor demographic and health outcomes such as transmission of HIV and other sexually transmittedinfections. To measure women’s beliefs about sexual empowerment, respondents were asked whether awife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband under four circumstances: she is tired or not inthe mood, she has recently given birth, she knows her husband has sex with other women, and she knowsher husband has a sexually transmitted disease.Table 3.16.1 presents data on how demographic and socio-economic background characteristicsaffect women’s attitudes on this issue. The table also shows how this indicator of women’s status varieswith the other two indicators, namely with women’s participation in decision-making and women’s attitudestoward wife beating. It is worth noting that this indicator is also a measure of empowerment: themore reasons to refuse having sex with their husband, the higher their empowerment in terms of the beliefin women’s sexual rights.Table 3.16.1 shows that slightly over half of women (53 percent) agree that husbands can be deniedsex for all the specified reasons. The degree of agreement, however, varies, with reasons of recentchildbirth and a husband who has a sexually transmitted infection (88 percent and 86 percent, respectively)being most widely accepted as reasons for refusing sexual relations. Least likely to agree with allof the reasons for refusing sex are younger women (45 percent), never-married women (48 percent),women with no children (47 percent), those who live in Central (42 percent) and Southern (42 percent)provinces, women with no education (48 percent), women who are employed but not for cash (50 percent)and those without a say in household decisions (48 percent). Women with more say in decision-makingare more likely to feel a women is justified in refusing sexual relations with her husband for all the specifiedreasons than women with no say at all (57 percent versus 48 percent). Similarly, women who believethat wife beating is not justified for any of the specified reasons are more likely to agree that women arejustified in refusing sex with their husbands for all of the reasons.Table 3.16.2 shows the percentage of men who believe that a wife is justified in refusing to havesex with her husband for specific reasons by background characteristics. The table shows that three infive men compared with one in two women (see Table 3.16.1) are of the view that a woman has a right torefuse to have sex with the husband for all the specified reasons. There are no marked variations betweenrural and urban areas.Characteristics of Respondents │ 49
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ZambiaDemographic andHealth Survey2
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This report summarises the findings
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Page3.6 Women’s Employment ......
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Page11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake amo
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PageA.7 Sample Selection ..........
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PageTable 3.11 Decision on use of e
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Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates ..
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PageTable 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AI
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PREFACEThe Zambia Demographic and H
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FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of contrac
Page 23 and 24: According to mothers’ reports, ar
Page 25 and 26: ZAMBIALake TanganyikaLake MweruTanz
Page 27 and 28: The 1980s marked the start of the f
Page 29 and 30: the peripheral structures. An impor
Page 31 and 32: ing in private households in the co
Page 33 and 34: subjects agreed) received a referra
Page 35 and 36: confidentiality.Finally, in additio
Page 37 and 38: CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND2R
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.2 Distribution of De Facto
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 Percent Distribution of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.4 Net and Gross Attendance
Page 47 and 48: 2.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ANDHOUS
Page 49 and 50: Thirty percent of households own a
Page 51 and 52: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS3AND
Page 53 and 54: enrolment ratios suggest that educa
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 LITERACYThe ability to read is
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.1 Youth Literacy100 Percen
Page 59 and 60: 3.5 MEN’S EMPLOYMENTMale responde
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.6 Occupation: menPercent di
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.8 Employment status: womenP
Page 65 and 66: non-agricultural occupations, since
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.12 Women’s control over e
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.14.1 Women’s participatio
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.14.2 Women’s participatio
Page 73: Table 3.15.1 Women’s attitudes to
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.16.2 Men’s attitudes towa
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.17.1 Smoking of tobacco: wo
Page 81 and 82: FERTILITY4Richard Banda and Margare
Page 83 and 84: As the comparison in Figure 4.1 ind
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.3 Total Fertility Rate by
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.4 Trends in fertility by ba
Page 89 and 90: Results from the 2001-2002 ZDHS ind
Page 91 and 92: The median birth interval is 33 mon
Page 93 and 94: 4.6 TEENAGE FERTILITYAdolescent chi
Page 95 and 96: FERTILITY REGULATION5Mika Bwembya a
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Seventy percent of currently marrie
Page 101: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.10 Source of contraceptionP
Page 109 and 110: The pattern is slightly different f
Page 111 and 112: 5.14 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING ME
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.16.1 Exposure to specific r
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.17 shows that 18 percent of
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.19 Attitudes of couples tow
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.1 shows that one-fourth of
Page 121 and 122: Table 6.3 Age at first marriagePerc
Page 123 and 124: Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Almost four in ten (38 percent) of
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FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND UNMET NEE
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The above results show an increase
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7.3 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNINGW
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Figure 7.4 Unmet Need for Spacing a
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The mean ideal number of children f
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Table 7.7 shows the total wanted fe
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Fifty-nine percent of all neonatal
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 Early childhood mortality
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Only 27 percent of births are in a
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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH9Miriam Ch
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Expectant mothers should beginanten
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There are particularly sharp differ
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Table 9.5 Place of deliveryPercent
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Table 9.7 shows that only 2 percent
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Table 9.8 Postnatal carePercent dis
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Table 9.9 Visits by health workersP
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Table 9.10.2 Neighbourhood Health C
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No major variations were observed w
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Table 9.13 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 9.14 Prevalence of injections
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Eastern province has the highest pr
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Table 9.18 Diarrhoea treatmentPerce
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Table 9.20 Household knowledge and
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10.1.1 Use of Bednets by Children a
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Table 10.4 Use of antimalarial drug
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Luapula province has the highest pe
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INFANT FEEDING, NUTRITIONAL PRACTIC
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than half (51 percent) of the infan
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tamination after cleaning, the nipp
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11.2 COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING11.2.1 Ty
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Few children under two years of age
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Table 11.6 Iodisation of household
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11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among C
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11.3.3 Micronutrient Supplementatio
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11.4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYFood se
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Table 11.12 Nutritional status of c
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Table 11.12 indicates that children
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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 12Mary Kazun
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Table 12.2 Experience of beatings o
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Results show that almost eight out
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Table 12.5 Experience of sexual vio
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More than four out of ten never-mar
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AIDS/HIV/STI-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND1
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Table 13.2 Knowledge of ways to avo
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Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
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Table 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AIDS w
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The view that HIV status of a famil
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Table 13.8 Knowledge of “Trendset
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Figure 13.1 Unmet Need for HIV Test
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Table 13.10 Men's attitudes toward
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Men in sales and services and skill
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Table 13.13 Alcohol consumption by
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Table 13.14.2 Knowledge of symptoms
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The peak age for having STI symptom
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used condoms, 34 percent took medic
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The practice of having multiple par
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Table 13.21 Use of condoms by type
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PREVALENCE OF HIV AND SYPHILIS 14Ku
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14.1.2 Coverage for HIV Testing by
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14.1.3 Approach to Weighting Syphil
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14.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE RATES 1Tab
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Table 14.8 Syphilis prevalence by a
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The 2001-2002 ZDHS data can be used
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Figure 14.2 illustrates the distinc
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Figure 14.3 HIV Prevalence AmongWom
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ADULT MORTALITY15Ann A. WayData col
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Table 15.2 Adult mortality ratesDir
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While again not definitive, the res
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124 | ReferencesGaisie, K., A. Cros
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SAMPLE DESIGNAppendix AA.1 INTRODUC
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Table A.2. Expected number of selec
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Similarly, a total of 2,658 potenti
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Table A.5 Sample implementation: me
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for selec
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for sele
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for sele
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DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
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Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
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Table C.6 Reporting of age at death
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Provincial CoordinatorsMr Martin Nj
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Data Processing StaffMr Mathews Muv
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286 | Appendix E
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we would like
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LINENO.USUAL RESIDENTSAND VISITORSR
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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INFORMED CONSENT FOR SYPHILIS AND H
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September 28, 20012001 ZAMBIA DEMOG
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTIONNO. QUESTION
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212 213 214 215 216 217IF ALIVE:218
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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407AWhere did the first antenatal v
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH AN
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTHNAMENAM
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH474B CH
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH480 Wha
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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SECTION 5. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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SECTION 9. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. QU
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904 What wasname given toyour oldes
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NAME OF EDITOR:____________________
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SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE EDIT
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14 Have you heard of any other ways
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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